AMPS Proceedings Series 13 Constructing an Urban Future: The sustainability and resilience of cities – infrastructures, communities, architectures AMPS CONFERENCE 13 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. AMPS, Architecture_MPS; Abu Dhabi University 18—19 March, 2018 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE USTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. SERIES EDITOR: Dr. Graham Cairns EDITOR: Mohamed Elkaftangui PRODUCTION EDITOR: Eric An © AMPS C.I.O. AMPS PROCEEDINGS SERIES 8. ISSN 2398-9467 2 AMPS CONFERENCE 13 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. AMPS, Architecture_MPS; Abu Dhabi University 18—19 March, 2018 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE USTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. INTRODUCTION This publication is the product of the conference Constructing an Urban Futur:The sustainability and resilience of cities – infrastructures, communities, architectures held at Abu Dhabi University in 2018. The premise of the conference and this publication was the World Urbanization Prospects published by the United Nations that identified we had already crossed the tipping point at which the majority of the peoples of the world live in cities. By 2050 it anticipated that this figure would be 66 per cent of the world’s population. What this means for how we design and build the habitation centers of the future is fundamental. The homes we live may need to change as the density of life increases; our places of work may need rethinking as the home to work commute becomes impossible; minimizing the environmental impacts of travel in denser and expanded cities will be essential; the planning of infrastructures to supply basic needs such as water will be on the agenda; energy consumption in both the domestic and industrial sectors needs control. Not only are these problems complex due to the interconnected nature of every issue at play, they are further complicated by the diverse scenarios we need to consider from a global perspective. What works in the already developed cities of the global north, with freezing winter conditions, dense living patterns and high personal energy consumption is very different to the needs of the desert conditions of some countries in the global south, with minimal carbon footprints today, ample land for future development, and the forces of urbanisation only now emerging. This publication, and the conference which it documents, examined this complexity and sought to bring minds, disciplines, researchers and professionals together, rethinking the range of interconnected issues involved in the sustainability and reliance of our urban environments. Both the conference and the publication were organised by the research organisation AMPS, its academic journal Architecture_MPS, and the Department of Architecture as Abu Dhabi University. It formed part of the AMPS program of events, Housing – Critical Futures. 3 AMPS CONFERENCE 13 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. AMPS, Architecture_MPS; Abu Dhabi University 18—19 March, 2018 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE USTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. INDEX 1: EVALUATING THE ‘GHETTO’ TERM THROUGH TURKEY 7 Eren Çagdas BILGIç, Asmin Kavas 2. THE CHANGING ROLE OF ISLAMIC IDENTITY IN SHAPING CONTEMPORARY CITIES IN SAUDI ARABIA 21 Oumr Adnan Osra, Paul Jones 3. CONCEPTS OF SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT IN CYPRUS: THE SPATIALITY OF AGEING 31 Byron Ioannou 4. DUTCH CIRCULAR CITIES BY THE ENERGY OF PEOPLE: POST PHD BEST PRACTICES RESEARCH ON AMSTERDAM AND ROTTERDAM CITIZEN INITIATIVES. 40 Fred C. Sanders, Arjan Van Timmeren 5. THE ABU DHABI WATERFRONT; EVOLUTION, LAND USE DYNAMICS AND THE QUESTION OF THE OPEN CITY 49 Apostolos Kyriazis, Myrsini Apostolaki 6. WHERE OMANIS WALK? A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PERCEPTION AND THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT IN DIFFERENT NEIGHBORHOODS OF MUSCAT. 64 Gustavo de Siqueira, Amal Al Balushi, Olivera Petrovic, Petrit Pasha 4 7. CODIFICATION OF NATURE-BASED DESIGN CRITERIA IN URBAN STREETS 73 Zohreh Baba Alian; Seyed Mahdi Khatami 8. HOW WILL AUTOMATION IN TRANSPORT FLOWS IMPACT FUTURE URBAN FORM? 80 Tanvi Maheshwari 9. DISENTANGLING THE SOCIAL NATURE OF THE DEPRIVED BUILT ENVIRONMENTS OF SANTIAGO DE CHILE 92 Cristhian Figueroa 10. CHILDREN’S UNACCOMPANIED TRIPS. HOW DO THE INTERPRETATIONS GIVEN TO THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AFFECT CHILDREN’S UNACCOMPANIED TRIPS? 100 Natan Waintrub 11. OPPORTUNITIES TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: THE CASE OF AN INDIAN CITY 111 Himanshu Poptani, Anusha Devi 12. CAN LEED-ND BE USED AS A SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SIA) TOOL? 120 Ahmed Elserwi 13. APPROPRIATING THE PUBLIC PAVEMENT AS AN EXTENSION OF THE FAMILY HOME: CREATION OF UNIQUE ‘TEMPORARY’ URBAN TYPOLOGIES IN ABU DHABI 128 Lina Ahmad, Marco Sosa 14. CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN KATHMANDU VALLEY: A STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVE 144 Chandani KC, Sadasivam Karuppannan, Alpana Sivam 15. VANDAL OR SCAVENGER? METAL SCRAP DEALERSHIP AND THE SURVIVAL OF URBAN FURNITURE IN OWERRI, NIGERIA 153 Okechi Dominic Azuwike 16. IS THE MANUAL SUB DIVISIONAL PLOT APPROVAL PROCESS LENGTHEN THE PLANNING FOR A RESILIENT CITY IN JEDDAH, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA? 159 Emad Qurunflah 5 17. ETHICAL DILEMMAS OF SUSTAINABLE URBAN DESIGN 165 Seyed Mahdi Khatami, Hadi pendar, Elham Ghasemi 18. RESEARCH IN FORMAL AND INFORMAL SPACES: AN INSIGHT INTO THE SOCIAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF RESIDENTS’ USAGE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN ABU DHABI ISLAND 173 Hanu Sadanandan Dilip 19. SMART CITY SMART CONSTRUCTION 180 Laura Pinfold 20. TEACHING RESILIENCE: ASPECTS OF A UNIVERSITY URBAN DESIGN CURRICULUM FOR 21ST CENTURY CITIES 187 Michael Jasper 21. SMART LIGHTING SYSTEM AS THE SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATOR OF THE SMART CITY 198 Vasja Roblek, Mirjana Pejic Bach, Boris Bukovec, Maja Meško 22. BOUNCING BACK TOGETHER: MAPPING THE STORY OF POST-HAIYAN REBUILDING IN A COASTAL COMMUNITY 208 Theresa Audrey O. Esteban, Janeen Kim D. Cayetano 23. SIMPLIFYING URBAN DATA FUSION WITH BIGSUR 221 Tom Kelly, Niloy J. Mitra 6 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. AMPS, Architecture_MPS; Abu Dhabi University 18—19 March, 2018 EVALUATING THE ‘GHETTO’ TERM THROUGH TURKEY Author: EREN ÇAĞDAŞ BİLGİÇ1, ASMİN KAVAS2 Institutions: 1: ATILIM UNIVERSITY, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE 2: TEPAV – THE ECONOMIC POLICY RESEARCH FOUNDATION OF TURKEY INTRODUCTION Cities are places where many different groups of people meet. The practice of socio-cultural, social, and residential segregation brings a heterogeneous identity to those cities in the multidimensional and complex structure of the urban culture. This heterogeneity of cities including ethnic, religious, cultural, and denominational uniformities is surrounded by a homogeneous network of spatial relationships in urban areas called ‘ghetto’s. The ghetto concept prior to the 1980s was an outcome of ethnic, religious, denominational, and cultural discrimination. Thereafter, the term has also been used to describe parts of cities characterized with poor infrastructures, inadequate social facilities, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. With 2000s, the term referred to modern gated communities as spatial productions of consumer culture. The outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2010 triggered waves of cross-border forced migration and resulted in the formation of ghettos consisting of refugees. In the first part of this study, we examine what a “ghetto” is and display whether the concept is a real conduct or a discursive construction. In the second part, we test the concept through five different case neighbourhoods. While Fener-Balat, Sulukule, Gazi and Mavişehir Neighbourhoods are discussed through their historical process, Önder Neighbourhood in Ankara is analysed as a post-war ghetto of contemporary urban issue. Case studies are based on a field research and in-depth interviews with multiple stakeholders that covered forced migrants and settlement patterns, spatiality and social networks. Moreover, the aim of the field research is to evaluate whether these five neighbourhoods possess the criteria and characteristics of a ghetto. WHAT IS ‘GHETTO’? The word “ghetto” is a clear-cut geographical exclusion of a particular racial, ethnic, or religious group inhabiting an urban environment.1 Historically, the word “ghetto” surfaced to refer to a Jewish quarter of Venice, in 1516.2 In medieval Europe, and in order to sustain a minimal interaction with Christians, the church and the state pressured Jews to live in controlled and walled-off areas. Some researchers relates ‘ghetto’ with demography. While Massey and Denton describing ghetto term as ‘a cluster of neighbourhoods, which are dwelled by a large-extended social group (1993), Laura Vaughan, in her study ‘The Urban Ghetto,’ indicates that during a ghettoization process, religious, racial, denominational and ethnic groups constitute minimum 60% of that clustering (1997).3 THE ‘GHETTO’ TERM IN THE LITERATURE AND HISTORY The ghetto is no longer an officially regulated settlement of Jews. Rather, it is a local cultural area that rose quite informally.4 The term “ghetto” in the U.S, focuses particularly on Harlem and Chicago, refers particularly to areas where African-American populations are now heavily concentrated in small neighbourhood.5 Therefore, according to Wirth, ‘ghetto’ is a form of accommodation in which a 7 CONSTRUCTING AN URBAN FUTURE: THE SUSTAINABILITY AND RESILIENCE OF CITIES. AMPS, Architecture_MPS; Abu Dhabi University 18—19 March, 2018 minority effectually subordinates to a dominant group: a heterogeneous