CALE Discussion Paper No.6 August, 2011 BALANCING SURVEILLANCE BETWEEN NEEDS OF PRIVACY AND SECURITY: CCTV IN JAPAN AND ENGLAND Jonathan Oram Nagoya University Center for Asian Legal Exchange Master’s Thesis Paper: BALANCING SURVEILLANCE BETWEEN NEEDS OF PRIVACY AND SECURITY: CCTV IN JAPAN AND ENGLAND Jonathan Oram Nagoya University August 2011 Disclaimer: the opinions expressed in this thesis are the author’s own and do not represent those of the Metropolitan Police Service. Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Purpose and Methodology .......................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Main Findings ........................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Overview .................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Crime Levels ............................................................................................................................. 8 England ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Japan ........................................................................................................................................ 14 Impact upon CCTV .................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 CCTV ..................................................................................................................................... 22 Definition .................................................................................................................................. 22 England .................................................................................................................................... 22 Japan ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Is CCTV effective? ..................................................................................................................... 31 2.3 Privacy .................................................................................................................................... 33 Definition .................................................................................................................................. 33 England .................................................................................................................................... 34 Japan ........................................................................................................................................ 39 Impact upon CCTV .................................................................................................................... 44 2.4 Surveillance............................................................................................................................. 45 Definition .................................................................................................................................. 45 England .................................................................................................................................... 47 Japan ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Impact upon CCTV .................................................................................................................... 63 Chapter 3: Current Legislation ....................................................................................................... 65 3.1 UK – current legislation ........................................................................................................... 65 The Tort Breach of Confidence .................................................................................................... 65 Human Rights Act 1998 .............................................................................................................. 66 Data Protection Act 1998 ........................................................................................................... 68 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 ............................................................................... 71 Privacy Impact Assessments ....................................................................................................... 74 CCTV Codes of Practice............................................................................................................. 75 Other relevant legislation / regulations ........................................................................................ 77 The effect of Legislation on CCTV Use ........................................................................................ 78 Relevant Court Cases ................................................................................................................. 80 1 3.2 Japan – current legislation ........................................................................................................ 82 Overview ................................................................................................................................... 82 Constitution ............................................................................................................................... 82 Criminal Procedure Law ............................................................................................................ 84 Control of Personal Information ................................................................................................. 87 Penal Law and Petty Breach Act ................................................................................................. 90 Police Act .................................................................................................................................. 91 Daily Life Safety Regulations ...................................................................................................... 92 Court Interpretations ................................................................................................................. 93 CCTV Policies ......................................................................................................................... 100 Suggestions for Specific Legislation .......................................................................................... 103 Problems with Privacy Protection ............................................................................................. 105 3.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 105 Chapter 4: Analysis of CCTV in Practice ...................................................................................... 107 4.1 Surveys and Studies into CCTV use ........................................................................................ 107 UK.......................................................................................................................................... 107 Japan ....................................................................................................................................... 114 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 123 4.2 CCTV usage in practice .......................................................................................................... 125 Japan ...................................................................................................................................... 125 England .................................................................................................................................. 129 4.3 Should citizens be concerned about CCTV? ............................................................................. 142 Chapter 5: Recommendations and Suggestions ............................................................................. 145 5.1 Limitations of research ........................................................................................................... 145 5.2 Findings and recommendations ............................................................................................... 145 Main findings .......................................................................................................................... 145 General Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 146 Specific Suggestions for Police Use of CCTV ............................................................................. 147 Recommendations for Japan ..................................................................................................... 147 Recommendations for England ................................................................................................