British ibroryotPolrtCf and EcoOQiMic Sdencv. The London School of Economics and Political Science Japan and the UN peace operations in the post-Cold War era: their challenges and choices Emma Matsumoto A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, November 2008 1 UMI Number: U615973 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615973 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to explore the ways in which Japan can contribute to UN peace operations. In particular, it looks into the political history of Japan as well as its foreign policies in order to understand how Japan’s contributions were implemented and why they are characteristically distinct from other countries. During the 1990s, Japan encountered heavy criticism for the way it responded to the Gulf War crisis. This prompted many discussions on the willingness and ability of Japan to contribute to the resolution of international crises. The main criticism was its unwillingness to send personnel to locations in need and instead, only offered financial assistance. The reasons for Japan’s behaviour were deeply rooted in the interpretation of its constitution which was established right after the end of World War II. Despite the constraints on Japan’s initial offer, the way Japan was subsequently able to contribute was highly effective. This started a new way in which to take part in peace related activities that was distinct from the traditional approaches to peace operations. In order to substantiate this argument, this thesis will look at analyses Japan’s involvement in the UN missions in Cambodia and East Timor and draws on this analysis of those operations in order to identify future opportunities. 3 Acknowledgements I would like to thank a multitude of people for their assistance. Firstly, I would like to express my most sincere regards to my supervisors Professor William Wallace and Dr Ulrich Sedelmeier, who provided me with the motivation, constructive criticism and strict dead lines. Secondly I would like to thank all the people who gave their time to contribute their knowledge and experiences for this study: Mihoko Tamamura, Director of WFP office in Japan (and former UN Secretariat at DPKO); Akiko Yuge, Director of UNDP office in Japan; Kiyoko Ikegami, Director UNFPA Tokyo Office; Mayumi Watabe, Chika Onaka, Mikio Tajima, from the UN headquarters in NY; and Kazuhiko Shimizu, Yukiko Fujisawa, Yukiko Uchiyama from former UNV in East Timor. I would also like to thank people from MOFA: Shinsuke Shimizu, Hiroshi Matsuura, Takao Kawakami, Hajime Furuta, Naoko Ishii, Yasushi Shina, Yukio Sato, Masanori Kiya, and all other ministers and people from the Japanese government. Finally, I would like to express my deepest regard to my family, my husband Hiroo who has supported me in completing this process with love, and my son Rio, whose smile makes everything easy. Without their love, I would not have been able to finish this long journey. Thank you. 4 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES....................................................................................8 LIST OF ACRONYMS.........................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 1 - JAPAN’S CHALLENGES IN THE UNITED NATIONS PEACE ACTIVITIES IN THE POST-COLD WAR PERIOD.......................................................13 I ntroduction ............................... 13 B a c k g r o u n d ............................................................................................................................................. 13 U N OPERATIONS IN EAST ASIA: JAPAN’S ROLE IN BOTH CASES..............................................17 T h e R e s e a r c h Q u e s t io n s ................................................................................................................. 19 C h a p t e r St r u c t u r e..............................................................................................................................21 M e t h o d o l o g y .......................................................................................................................................... 24 T h e B r a h im i R e p o r t : w h a t J a pa n c a n d o in t h e c o n t e x t o f U N p e a c e OPERATIONS?.............................................................................................................................................. 25 U N m is s io n s in Ca m b o d ia a n d E a st T im o r : J a p a n ’s r o l e ............................................... 30 J a pa n ’s fin a n c ia l contribution to t h e U N b u d g e t ......................................................... 35 J a pa n a s a m id d l e p o w e r co u n tr y in t h e p o s t -C o ld W a r e r a ....................................40 Hu m a n S e c u r it y: n e w a p pr o a c h fo r t h e p r e v e n t iv e a c t io n a n d peacebuilding ..........................................................................................................................................................................43 W h a t J a pa n c a n d o : it s c h a l l e n g e s in p e a c e r e l a t e d a c t iv it ie s ............................ 47 CHAPTER 2 - UN PEACE OPERATION AND JAPAN'S CONTRIBUTION..............48 C o ld W a r p e r io d ....................................................................................................................................49 J a pa n in t h e p o s t -W o r ld W a r II: Y o s h id a d o c t r in e as t h e m a in st r e a m o f NATIONAL POLITICS...................................................................................................................................54 T h e P o s t -C o ld W a r p e r io d : N e w e r a ......................................................................................... 59 First Expansion (1988-1991)'- rapid growing numbers and drastic character changes .......................................................................................................................60 J a pa n ’s f ir s t a t t e m p t : to b e c o m e m o r e a c t iv e participant .........................................63 Crisis of Peace Operations ■' new challenges (1992-1994)..................................... 66 J a pa n a n d t h e ir r o l e in U N p e a c e o p e r a t io n s ................................................................... 69 U N PEACE OPERATIONS IN THE NEW ERA: REFORM FOR THE FUTURE................................. 71 W h a t h a s b e e n c h a n g e d ? ................................................................................................................. 74 J a pa n ’s experiences in t h e 1990 s .................................................................................................76 5 CHAPTER 3 UN PEACE OPERATIONS IN CAMBODIA 1992: JAPAN’S FIRST ATTEMPT...........................................................................................................................78 U N a n d Ca m b o d ia u n t il t h e la t e 1980 s ...................................................................................80 J a pa n a n d Ca m b o d ia u n t il t h e p e a c e p r o c e s s .....................................................................81 T h e U N a n d t h e P a r is P e a c e A c c o r d s : d e p l o y m e n t o f U N A M IC a n d U N TA C 87 UNTAC: mandate and structure ............................................................................. 89 S in c e t h e P a r is A g r e e m e n t : J a pa n ’s e f f o r t b e h in d t h e s c e n e ................................. 95 Establishm ent o f the PKO L aw ............................................................................. 100 H o w DID THE U N COPE WITH ISSUES ON THE GROUND?........................................................ 102 Series of violence......................................................................................................105 P r e pa r a t io n a n d G e n e r a l E l e c t io n .......................................................................................110 Post Elections phase to withdrawal from UNTAC...............................................113 T h e cooperation f r o m m e m b e r s t a t e s ...................................................................................114 W h a t w as J a p a n ’s e x p e r ie n c e in Ca m b o d ia ? ........................................................................116 CHAPTER 4 - THE UN IN EAST TIMOR: JAPAN IN THE NEW ERA.................. 119 J a pa n a f t e r it s e x p e r ie n c e in Ca m b o d ia ..............................................................................120 J a pa n a n d E a s t T im o r : u n t il t h e l a t e 1990 s .....................................................................