Bocoum et al., J Community Med Health Educ 2012, 2:9 Journal of Community Medicine & DOI: 10.4172/2161-0711.1000183 Health Education Research Article Open Access Prevalence in the Bovine Trypanosomiasis Kadiolo Circle Zakaria Bocoum1*, Modibo Diarra2, Hamidou M Maiga3, Youssouf Sanogo1, Mahamadou S.M.Sylla2 and Oumar Diall4 1Central Veterinary Laboratory, Mali 2Project Fight against tsetse flies and animal Trypanosomiasis, Sikasso, Mali 3University of Bamako, University of Science and Technology, Bamako, Mali 4ILRI/BMZ Project on Chemoresistance, ICRISAT-Mali, Bamako, Mali Abstract The prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle was estimated on farms circle Kadiolo between July and August 2009. This study was consecutive to complaints agro-pastoralists in the area due to heavy mortalities recorded in cattle in general and in particular oxen. Blood samples from 473 cattle of all ages, sexes were collected in 15 villages identified by the local technical support (state and private) and by associations of agro pastoralists in the area; examined for trypanosomes using Buffy Coat technique. A total of 146 cattle (30.86 to 100) were found infected with trypanosomes: 14 (9.58 to 100) with Trypanosoma vivax, 131 (89.72 to 100) with T. congolense and 1 (0.68 to 100) with T. brucei. This study showed that trypanosomiasis was the leading cause of death oxen in the circle Kadiolo. Keywords: Prevalence; Trypanosome; Oxen; Kadiolo Diagnostic parasitological Introduction The animals were bled from the jugular vein and blood collected in tubes (type vacutainer) with anticoagulant for trypanosomes. The African Animal Trypanosomiasis is a serious obstacle to livestock technique used was the “Buffy Coat” (BCT). Blood tests were conducted development in sub-humid areas of West Africa where the basins are on site in appropriate locations, using a generator as a power source. cotton from Mali whose Kadiolo circle. The severity of this disease has increased dramatically with the introduction of zebu to meet demand Survey of farmers tensile strength expressed by cotton producers before and soon after Questionnaires were submitted to the farmers in the study area independence. The gradual replacement of indigenous cattle, Mere and to obtain information about the practical use of trypanocidal drugs N’Dama, Zebu by, has greatly increased dependence on livestock and and acaricides and assess their knowledge of trypanosomiasis and its oxen vis-à-vis the trypanocidal treatments and practice encouraged by vectors. the farmers themselves. Results Indeed, there trypanocidal treatments are the main and often the only means used in the fight against bovine trypanosomiasis. In recent Parasitological diagnosis years, significant mortality is reported in the Kadiolo circle. Disease Prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in villages: As given in and mortalities recorded concern, as well, the villagers’ farms (agro table 1, the average prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in fifteen savings) than oxen (their tractors) which directly affects agricultural villages varied between 3.33 and 76.19 for 100 with an overall average production and threatening the livelihoods of populations. of 30.86 for 100. The proportion of infection byT. congolense amounted to 89.72 for 100 and 9.58 for 100 and 0.68 for 100 for T. vivax and T. Materials and Methods brucei respectively. The highest prevalence was found in the village of Material animal Kambérégué (76.19 to 100). Significant prevalence’s were also observed Misséni (64.70 to 100), Zégoua (50 to 100), Kafono (43.33 to 100), This study was conducted in a population of cattle of all genders, Lofiné (31.81 to 100), Fanidiama (30 to 100), Dioumatenè (26.66 to ages and breeds (Zebu, N’Dama and Zebu cross Métis from the N’Dama 100), Kadiolo (25 to 100), and Lofigué Borogoba (20 to 100). x), of which 473 blood samples were taken and analyzed for research The average prevalence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in five parasites (Trypanosoma spp.). municipalities (Table 2) varied between 18.66 and 76.19 for 100. The Zone study proportion of infection is high for T. congolense in Fourou (100 to 100), Misséni Zégoua (88.46 to 100), Dioumatenè (85.71 to 100 and Kadiolo Kadiolo circle covers an area of ​​640 km2. Agriculture is the main (85.41 to 100). The average proportion of infection with T. congolense economic activity. Cotton is the first cash crop monitoring vegetable stood at 89.72 per 100. crops such as potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and okra. Food crops are maize, millet, sorghum and rice etc (Figure 1). The herd is composed of: 1,03,550 cattle, 25,000 sheep, 90,000 *Corresponding author: Dr. Zakaria Bocoum, Central Veterinary Laboratory, goats, 3,976 pigs and 2,00,000 poultry (Estimated veterinary Kadiolo, Mali, E-mail: [email protected] 2005). Draft animals (oxen plowing are estimated at 6,000 bovines). Received September 22, 2012; Accepted October 18, 2012; Published October Type and study period 22, 2012 Citation: Bocoum Z, Diarra M, Maiga HM, Sanogo Y, Sylla MSM, et al. (2012) To determine the parasitological prevalence in the area, a cross- Prevalence in the Bovine Trypanosomiasis Kadiolo Circle. J Community Med sectional study was conducted in July 2009 in 15 villages in 5 communes Health Educ 2:183. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000183 circle Kadiolo. The villages were selected because of the high morbidity Copyright: © 2012 Bocoum Z, et al. This is an open-access article distributed and mortality reported by agro pastoralists in livestock in general and under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits in particular oxen. unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. J Community Med Health Educ Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000183 ISSN: 2161-0711 JCMHE, an open access journal Citation: Bocoum Z, Diarra M, Maiga HM, Sanogo Y, Sylla MSM, et al. (2012) Prevalence in the Bovine Trypanosomiasis Kadiolo Circle. J Community Med Health Educ 2:183. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000183 Page 2 of 3 The infection rate in the largest T. vivax was observed Kadiolo Farmers’ Survey (14.58 to 100). Rates were observed in Dioumatenè, Zégou and Misséni and the average proportion of T. vivax infection rises to 9.58 for 100. The investigation into the use of trypanocidal drugs and other acaricides showed that most farmers know the clinical signs of T. brucei was observed only for Misséni infection rate at 3.84 per trypanosomiasis and associate the presence of tsetse flies as vectors. 100. The highest prevalence was found in the town of Fourou (76.19 Trypanocidal drugs are the most widely used generic Isometamidium to 100), followed by Misséni (40.62 to 100), Zégoua (27.8 to 100) and chloride and diminazene. Kadiolo (24.48 to 100). Figure 1: Map of Circle Kadiolo. Villages No of Animals Taken total Positive Tb (%) Tc (%) Tv (%) Overall prevalence (%) Kambo 30 1 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 3.33 Kadiolo (marché à bétail) 32 8 0 (0.00) 8 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 25.00 Borogoba 30 6 0 (0.00) 5 (83.33) 1 (16.66) 20.00 Kafono 30 13 0 (0.00) 11 (84.61) 2 (15.38) 43.33 Lofiné 44 14 0 (0.00) 10 (71.42) 4 (28.57) 31.81 Lofigué 30 6 0 (0.00) 6 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 20.00 Nafegué 25 3 0 (0.00) 2 (66.66) 1 (33.33) 16.00 Vata 20 3 0 (0.00) 3 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 15.00 Dioumatènè 30 8 0 (0.00) 7 (87.50) 1 (12.50) 26.66 Misséni 34 22 1 (4.54) 21 (95.45) 0 (0.00) 64.70 Katiélé 30 4 0 (0.00) 2 (50.00) 2 (50) 13.33 Kambereké 42 32 0 (0.00) 32 (100) 0 (0.00) 76.19 Zégoua 16 8 0 (0.00) 6 (75.00) 2 (25.00) 50.00 Fanidiama 50 15 0 (0.00) 15 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 30.00 Zampédougou 30 3 0 (0.00) 2 (66.66) 1(33.33) 10.00 Total 473 146 1 (0.68) 131 (89.72) 14 (9.58) 30.86 Table 1: Prevalence of trypanosomosis/villages. Common No of Animals Taken Total Positive Tb (%) Tc (%) Tv (%) Average Overall prevalence (%) Kadiolo 196 48 0 (0.00) 41 (85.41) 7 (14.58) 24.48 Dioumatènè 75 14 0 (0.00) 12 (85.71) 2 (14.28) 18.66 Misséni 64 26 1 (3.84) 23 (88.46) 2 (7.69) 40.62 Fourou 42 32 0 (0.00) 32 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 76.19 Zégoua 96 26 0 (0.00) 23 (88.46) 3 (11.53) 27.08 Total 473 146 1 (0.68) 131 (89.72) 14 (9.58) 30.86 Table 2: Prevalence of trypanosomiasis/municipalities. J Community Med Health Educ Volume 2 • Issue 9 • 1000183 ISSN: 2161-0711 JCMHE, an open access journal Citation: Bocoum Z, Diarra M, Maiga HM, Sanogo Y, Sylla MSM, et al. (2012) Prevalence in the Bovine Trypanosomiasis Kadiolo Circle. J Community Med Health Educ 2:183. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000183 Page 3 of 3 Discussion were well appreciated by the peasants. By cons bulls were unable to long career, due to temperament deemed too high [9]. These rates are A high incidence of trypanosomiasis may increase morbidity consistent with the results obtained by Bocoum et al. [1] and in 2008 and result in high mortality may be thinking about the arrival of a in the same area. disease previously unknown. This was the case in the early 1980s in the Sikasso circle, when the cause of observed mortality was attributed Conclusion to a mysterious disease called “disease Denderesso,” the name of a village whose cattle had paid a heavy tribute.