Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics Volume 95 Series editors B. Siciliano, Napoli, Italy O. Khatib, Stanford, USA Editorial Advisory Board O. Brock, Berlin, Germany H. Bruyninckx, Leuven, Belgium R. Chatila, Toulouse, France H. Christensen, Atlanta, USA P. Corke, Kelvin Grove, Australia P. Dario, Pisa, Italy R. Dillmann, Karlsruhe, Germany K. Goldberg, Berkeley, USA J. Hollerbach, Salt Lake City, USA M. Kaneko, Osaka, Japan L. Kavraki, Houston, USA V. Kumar, Philadelphia, USA S. Lee, Seoul, South Korea F. Park, Seoul, South Korea T. Salcudean, Vancouver, Canada R. Siegwart, Zurich, Switzerland G. Sukhatme, Los Angeles, USA S. Thrun, Stanford, USA Y. Xu, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China S. Yuta, Tsukuba, Japan For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/5208 STAR (Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics) has been promoted under the auspices of EURON (European Robotics Research Network) Ravi Balasubramanian • Veronica J. Santos Editors The Human Hand as an Inspiration for Robot Hand Development 123 Editors Ravi Balasubramanian Veronica J. Santos Oregon State University Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Corvallis Arizona State University USA Tempe USA ISSN 1610-7438 ISSN 1610-742X (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-03016-6 ISBN 978-3-319-03017-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-03017-3 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013957707 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Robotics is undergoing a major transformation in scope and dimension. From a largely dominant industrial focus, robotics is rapidly expanding into human environments and vigorously engaged in its new challenges. Interacting with, assisting, serving, and exploring with humans, the emerging robots will increas- ingly touch people and their lives. Beyond its impact on physical robots, the body of knowledge robotics has produced is revealing a much wider range of applications reaching across diverse research areas and scientific disciplines, such as: biomechanics, haptics, neuro- sciences, virtual simulation, animation, surgery, and sensor networks among others. In return, the challenges of the new emerging areas are proving an abundant source of stimulation and insights for the field of robotics. It is indeed at the intersection of disciplines that the most striking advances happen. The Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics (STAR) is devoted to bringing to the research community the latest advances in the robotics field on the basis of their significance and quality. Through a wide and timely dissemination of critical research developments in robotics, our objective with this series is to promote more exchanges and collaborations among the researchers in the community and contribute to further advancements in this rapidly growing field. The monograph by Ravi Balasubramanian and Veronica Santos is an edited collection of authoritative contributions in the area of robot hands which stemmed from a well-attended workshop organized by the first coeditor with Yoky Mats- uoka as part of the Robotics: Science and Systems conference in Seattle in 2009. The 24 chapters discuss the field of robotic grasping and manipulation viewed in light of the human hand’s capabilities and push the state-of-the-art in robot hand design and control. Topics discussed include human hand biomechanics, neural control, sensory feedback and perception, and robotic grasp and manipulation. The results described in the volume are expected to lead to more robust, dependable, and inexpensive distributed systems such as those endowed with complex and advanced sensing, actuation, computation, and communication capabilities. A very fine addition to STAR! Naples, Italy, August 2013 Bruno Siciliano v Preface Are Robot Hands Necessary? As identified in the 2013 roadmap for US robotics, robotics is expected to impact society on a massive scale in the coming decades economically and socially in the manufacturing, healthcare, medical, and defense sectors. In addition to the tradi- tional use of robots for automation in factories, recent advances in the human sciences have energized the field of robotics toward the development of personal robotic assistants and brain-machine interfaces for assisting the disabled. While great strides have been made in the areas of computer vision and autonomous navigation that have enabled autonomic robotic cars, one of the biggest drawbacks with robots so far is that they cannot accomplish physical interaction tasks in everyday settings. Specifically, robots cannot grasp and manipulate objects in unstructured environments, or environments for which they have not been designed. A lack of robotic hands that are capable of robust grasping and dexterous manipulation is holding back the robotics field. Thus, there is an increased interest to solve the robotic manipulation problem. The reasons for this deficiency are many, including the lack of robust hardware, primitive sensing methods, and a limited understanding of how to integrate sensory information and motor control. A key goal of the robotics community is to build robotic hands that can accomplish human grasping and manipulation tasks in human environments by physically interacting with humans and objects. Such robot hands will have an immediate impact on applications such as teleoperated search-and-rescue opera- tions, semi or fully autonomous robot applications (e.g., planetary rovers), rapidly reconfigurable manufacturing, and medical and healthcare operations. In addition to automating operations in these different fields, advances in robot hands will also advance upper-extremity prostheses. Note that the most popular prosthesis to date remains the single degree of freedom, body-powered split hook, because of its robustness and the human ability to learn how to use it. There have been significant advances in myoelectric prostheses, but challenges remain in providing control signals in an intuitive manner to control numerous degrees of freedom in more sophisticated prostheses. vii viii Preface The Human Hand as Inspiration The human hand has been the ‘‘gold standard’’ for robotic hand designers for decades. There are several reasons for this. First, the human hand exhibits tre- mendous dexterity and flexibility, and designers are keen to achieve such dexterity in robot hands. Second, everyday tools, objects, and environments are designed for use by a human hand (for example, where handles are placed on objects), and thus it is advantageous to mimic the human hand when designing robot hands to operate those same tools and objects in human environments. Third, the anthropomorphic form factor is highly relevant to prosthetic applications. Thus, most robot hand designs mimic the human hand. However, the human hand is difficult to mimic since it is a complex system. In terms of ‘‘hardware,’’ the human hand contains 22 joints driven by nearly 38 muscles through a complex web of tendons. In addition, it has thousands of embedded sensors which provide information about posture, muscle and tendon forces, contact, interaction forces, vibration, and temperature. In terms of ‘‘soft- ware,’’ there are millions of neurons in the brain and the spinal cord that integrate information from the raw sensory signals before providing control signals through synergistic control inputs and reflex loops. Together, these different features enable the hand to perform a variety of dexterous tasks, but the roles that each component plays in different tasks is not entirely clear. Roboticists want to understand what physical and computational features from the biological hand would benefit the design and control of highly capable robotic hands. This is the focus of this book. By bringing together the