PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 8981-8987 ISSN: 00333077 Leadership System of Adat Perpatih In Malaysia As A Model of Consensus and Democracy Concept: An Analytical Study Mualimin Mochammad Sahid1*, Mohammad Chaedar2, Baidar Mohammed Mohammed Hasan1, Fettane Amar3 1Faculty of Syariah and Law, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 2 Faculty of Quran and Sunnah, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia 3 Department of Quran and Sunnah, International Islamic University Malaysia *[email protected] ABSTRACT Adat Perpatih is a customary practice among people in Malaysia, especially Negeri Sembilan state. It is an unwritten custom that has been inherited for generations since 17th century and is practiced to this day. The custom has become a national cultural heritage that is well preserved, and it becomes the uniqueness of the community in Negeri Sembilan state. The noble values of Adat Perpatih customary practices which clearly guided by Islamic religion and derived from its teachings have been recognized in shaping the social and community values in the country. One of these values is the leadership system which is not only highly regarded for its pure value, but has also been the main reference and the backbone that forms the Council of Rulers (Majlis Raja- Raja) as well as the Constitutional Monarchy system in Malaysia. This article will examine the extent to which the practice of electing leaders in Adat Perpatih practices relates to the concept of consensus and democracy in Islam which is the official religion in Malaysia. The research methodology used in this paper is qualitative research which combined the method of literature review and history of customary origins in order to analyse issues related to Adat Perpatih practices especially in appointing leaders or Kings in Negeri Sembilan state. The results of the study showed that the uniqueness of the leadership concept in Adat Perpatih is very closely related to the existing system practiced in Islam which is well-known as Ijmak and Syura. Therefore, the system of leadership practiced by people of Negeri Sembilan state in their Adat Perpatih since long time ago has been recognized as the best leadership model to emulate. Keywords Leadership, Adat Perpatih, Consensus, Democracy, Malaysia Introduction Customs are inseparable from the code of conduct that limits the good and bad behaviour of society members, Custom means habit or something done over and over they include laws which consist of norms. Thus, again and it is accepted by the community as a rule custom is also considered as an institution that forms that must be followed by their own members. In the law, regulates social, political norms and shapes Arabic the word Adat is derived from the word (‘A- the constitution for the government. (Harun Daud, dah) which means return. (Anis, 2013) This also refers 1989) to a practice or deed that is repeated over and over Among the customary and cultural philosophies again until it is used by the community of a certain practiced is to build the identity of group members. race. According to the fourth edition of Kamus Dewan This is because the custom has its own pure values that dictionary, Adat means rules that have been practiced can prevent its members from committing accursed for generations from time immemorial in a society so acts either in the religion or the law of those who that it becomes a law and a rule that must be obeyed. practice them. In addition, custom also serves as a (Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2005) method to maintain its continuity so as not to be In the context of the Malay community, the word Adat swallowed up by time because it has been practiced for has meaning which includes a wider coverage such as generations since the time of their ancestors. Custom courtesy, discipline, fair treatment, a situation that is can also distinguish the identity of a group from other prevalent and laws. In conclusion Adat (custom) can groups. For example, the custom of indigenous Malay be defined as a habit of a repetitive act and has been community which still remains to this day is the accepted by society as a rule of life that must be traditional dress for men and women. This outfit has followed by every member of society. (Abdullah shown that the Malay community has its own identity Siddik, (1975). that is different from other people. The value found in this kind of traditional dress is politeness of who wears 8981 www.psychologyandeducation.net PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 8981-8987 ISSN: 00333077 it which is similar to what Islam teaches its people to Historically, the Minangkabau people in Naning, cover their aurat (must-covered body parts). The dress Rembau, Seri Menanti, Penajis, Ulu Muar and several does not only mean to cover the aurat, but it also other places in Malaysia approached Melaka as their highlights a polite attitude that reflects the identity of Sultan. The leaders who are well-known as Datuk the Malay community itself. (Abdullah Siddik, (1975). Undang Luak would bring any difficulties faced by their people to Sultan of Melaka. However, when the The Concept of Adat Perpatih Portuguese invaded Melaka in 1511, the Sultan of Melaka fled to Johor and established a new Each race has its own customs. As in Malaysia, there government. The situation also resulted in the are various ethnicities as well as customs and cultures movement of Minangkabau people towards Johor. practiced by people. Among the famous customs and (Maria, 2010) traditional practices in Malaysia are Adat Perpatih and In 1760, when the Dutch took control of Melaka after Adat Temenggung. Both of these customs have their taking over the administration from the Portuguese, the own characteristics and values. (Harun, 1989) This Dutch began to disturb Johor in addition to the chaos study will discuss specifically about the Perpatih caused by the Bugis on the Minangkabau people. The customs that still remain practiced in Malaysia to this Bugis people led by Daeng Cambodia wanted to force day. Minangkabau people and to rule them so that they This research will highlight the discussion about issues under their control. However, the Minangkabau people related to the leadership system which becomes a who had previously pronounced allegiance to the practice in the Perpatih customs. In addition, the Malay Sultanate of Johor refused. They Malay concept of Adat Perpatih and its relationship with the Sultanate of Johor was then no longer able to govern concept of leadership practice in Islam as well as the the Malay states under its colonies. Since those under method of consensus (Ijmak), consultancy and Datuk Undang Luak are from Melaka and practice advisory (Syura) leading to democracy approach will Adat Perpatih while the Sultanate of Melaka practices also be explained. Adat Temenggung, then the Sultan has ordered the In Malaysia, the Perpatih custom is practiced in Negeri Undang Luak to obtain a leader who can be appointed Sembilan and Naning, Melaka. Some sources as Sultan or King of the Minangkabau Government. So mentioned that originally, the custom is believed to began the search for a Sultan from Pagar Ruyung, have been brought by the Minangkabau people who Sumatra. Therefore, in between 1760-1770 the leaders came from Pagaruyung, Sumatra (Indonesia). The of Luak began to organize planning to get collective basis of Adat Perpatih law is mainly derived from agreement among them in finding representatives that customs and hereditary customs. There are several will be sent to Pagar Ruyung, Sumatra in 1770. forms of practice that are some differences between Following that, the King of Pagar Ruyung has agreed Perpatih and Temenggung Customs that are practiced to send one of his princes named Raja Mahmud to be in Malaysia. the ruler in Negeri Sembilan (Arizan, 2013) Among the special features of Perpatih customs practices are the lineage is based on women (mothers), The leadership system of the Adat Perpatih community family system, division of inheritance which gives is a very unique where the highest leader is starting more priority to women, and marriage practice that from the Yang di-Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan. The does not encourage inter-tribal marriage. In addition, Yang di-Pertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan was elected there is a unique practice in Perpatih custom which is and appointed from a collective consensus between still preserved and practiced until today, leadership. Undang Yang Empat (the four tribal leaders) and The leadership concept in Adat Perpatih recognizes the Tuanku Besar Tampin. The Yang di-Pertuan Besar acts leadership system which consists of specific as the head of the Islamic religion with the advice of hierarchical arrangement and each level has certain the Islamic Religious Affairs Council. His Majesty is rights and duties, namely: Undang, Lembaga, Buapak, also responsible for state customs (adat istiadat) and is Perut and the people. This kind of system of advised by the Dewan Keadilan dan Undang (the government is very much focussing on the principle of house of Justice and Leaders). Yang di-Pertuan Besar consensus (ijmak), namely by electing a leader called resides in Seri Menanti which is located in Luak Ulu Yamtuan democratically by the tribal leaders known as Muar. His Majesty did not interfere in the affairs of Undang. (Sahid et al., 2017) other districts (Luak). Based on history, before the British entry, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar was elected Leadership System in Adat Perpatih by Penghulu Luak (district leader) of Ulu Muar. However, when the British intervened in Negeri (a) The History of the Yang Di-Pertuan Besar Sembilan, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar was appointed by Negeri Sembilan the Undang Yang Empat (the four tribal leaders) www.psychologyandeducation.net 8982 PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(2): 8981-8987 ISSN: 00333077 namely the leaders (Luak) of Sungai Ujong, Jelebu, princes are qualified and capable.