Updated 30/9/2020 Early Thracian ................................................................. 56 Table of Contents Illyrian ............................................................................... 57 Lydian ............................................................................... 58 Introduction.............................................................. 3 Early Hoplite Greek ....................................................... 59 Version Control ........................................................ 3 Cyrenean Greek ............................................................... 61 I Third Millennium .................................................. 4 Syracusan .......................................................................... 63 Dynastic Sumerian............................................................. 4 Athenian ........................................................................... 65 Old Elam ............................................................................ 6 Spartan .............................................................................. 66 Early Eblan ......................................................................... 9 Theban .............................................................................. 68 Amorite Nomads ............................................................. 11 Thessalian ......................................................................... 70 Hattian Kingdoms ........................................................... 13 Other Greek City States ................................................. 72 Harappan or Indus Valley .............................................. 15 Mercenary Greek ............................................................. 74 Zagros Mountain ............................................................. 17 IV Kingdoms of the East ........................................ 76 Akkadian Empire ............................................................. 18 Early Achaemenid Persian ............................................. 76 Magan, Dilmun ................................................................ 20 Bithynian .......................................................................... 78 Neo-Sumerian .................................................................. 21 Later Achaemenid Persian ............................................. 80 II Cradle of Civilisation .......................................... 23 Alexandrian Macedonian ............................................... 82 Nubian ............................................................................... 23 Bosporan .......................................................................... 85 Libyan ................................................................................ 24 Alexandrian Imperial ...................................................... 87 Early Arab ......................................................................... 25 Later Thracian ................................................................. 90 Old and Middle Kingdom Egyptian ............................. 26 Lysimachid Successor ..................................................... 91 Canaanite and Syrian City States ................................... 27 Seleucid Successor .......................................................... 93 Old and Middle Kingdom Hittite ................................. 28 Ptolemaic Successor ....................................................... 95 Hyksos ............................................................................... 29 Eumenid Successor ......................................................... 97 Mitanni .............................................................................. 30 Antigonid Successor ....................................................... 99 Minoan and Early Mycenaean ....................................... 31 Macedonian Successor ................................................. 101 Western Anatolian ........................................................... 33 Early Armenian ............................................................. 102 New Kingdom Egyptian ................................................ 36 Imperial Seleucid ........................................................... 103 Hittite Empire .................................................................. 37 Later Arab ...................................................................... 106 Middle and Early Neo-Assyrian .................................... 38 Later Ptolemaic .............................................................. 107 Sea Peoples ....................................................................... 40 Galatian ........................................................................... 109 Tribal Hebrew .................................................................. 42 Parthian ........................................................................... 111 Later Mycenaean and Trojan Wars ............................... 44 Maccabean Judaean....................................................... 112 Philistine ............................................................................ 46 Commagene ................................................................... 113 Scythians, Cimmerians and Hu ..................................... 47 Later Seleucid ................................................................. 115 Later Elamite .................................................................... 48 V Rise of Rome ...................................................... 117 Early Kushite ................................................................... 49 Tullian Roman ............................................................... 117 Later Neo-Assyrian ......................................................... 50 Etruscan League ............................................................ 119 Neo-Babylonian Empire ................................................ 52 Gallic ............................................................................... 121 Later Kushite .................................................................... 53 Southern Italian Tribes ................................................. 124 III Frogs Around a Pond ........................................ 54 Camillan Roman ............................................................ 126 Early Carthaginian ........................................................... 54 Page 1 Return to Contents Samnite ............................................................................128 Later Visigoth ................................................................ 191 Spanish ............................................................................130 Later Vandal ................................................................... 192 Pyrrhic .............................................................................132 Early Bulgar ................................................................... 193 Later Macedonian ..........................................................134 Early Byzantine.............................................................. 194 Hellenistic Greek ...........................................................135 Early Lombard............................................................... 196 Polybian Roman ............................................................137 Avar ................................................................................. 197 Pergamene ......................................................................142 VIII Across the Indus ........................................... 198 Later Carthaginian .........................................................144 Vedic Indian ................................................................... 198 Numidian ........................................................................146 Classical Indian .............................................................. 199 Germanic ........................................................................147 Mountain Indian............................................................ 201 Mithridatic Pontic ..........................................................150 Tamil Indian ................................................................... 202 Marian Roman ...............................................................152 Graeco-Bactrian ............................................................ 203 Sarmatian ........................................................................155 Indian Kingdoms .......................................................... 205 Dacian .............................................................................156 Graeco-Indian................................................................ 206 Third Servile War ..........................................................157 Kushan ............................................................................ 208 VI Rome’s Empire ................................................ 158 Indo-Scythian ................................................................. 210 Ancient British ...............................................................158 Gupta Empire ................................................................ 211 Principate (or Early Imperial) Roman ........................160 Hephthalite (White Hun) ............................................. 212 Caledonian ......................................................................162 Later Hindu Indian ......................................................