A Study on the Future Sustainability of Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 93 Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development A Study on the Future Sustainability of Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Jeongmuk Kang Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development Jeongmuk Kang Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences Master Thesis E, in Sustainable Development, 30 credits Printed at Department of Earth Sciences, Master’s Thesis Geotryckeriet, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 2012. E, 30 credits Examensarbete i Hållbar Utveckling 93 A Study on the Future Sustainability of Sejong, South Korea’s Multifunctional Administrative City, Focusing on Implementation of Transit Oriented Development Jeongmuk Kang Supervisor: Gloria Gallardo Evaluator: Anders Larsson Contents List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ iii Summary .............................................................................................................................................................. iv Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... iv 1. Background ................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Industrial Revolution and the spread of transport networks ........................................................ 1 1.2 Rapid urbanization in Asia after World War II .................................................................................. 2 1.3 Urban congestions and New Urbanization ......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Decentralization and balanced regional development ........................................................................ 4 1.5 Urban Transform with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) ........................................................... 6 2. Aim of the study ............................................................................................................................................ 7 3. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 8 Result ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Preliminary Inventory analysis of the Master plan of Sejong city ................................................................ 9 1.1 Physical Resources ............................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 Economic Resources ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Biological Resources ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Organizational Resources ................................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Social Resources ............................................................................................................................... 16 1.6 Cultural Resources ............................................................................................................................ 17 1.7 Aesthetic Resources .......................................................................................................................... 19 2. Present and anticipated shortcomings of planned cities .............................................................................. 20 2.1 Shortcomings observed in Sejong .................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Shortcomings observed in Putrajaya................................................................................................. 21 3. Expected role of TOD in the future sustainability of Sejong ...................................................................... 23 3.1 Master Plan of High-level BRT in Sejong ........................................................................................ 23 3.2 System analysis on influence of implementation of TOD ................................................................ 27 Discussion ............................................................................................................................................................ 30 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 32 References ............................................................................................................................................................. v i List of Tables Table 1. Sejong city in brief ................................................................................................................................... 9 Table 2. Three stages of construction plans for distributing population at each stage ............................................ 9 Table 3. Brief comparison between Tube-based and Vehicle-based system ........................................................ 10 Table 4. list of government agencies and enterprises (plan) ................................................................................. 12 Table 5. Decision of zone for each river (plan) .................................................................................................... 13 Table 6. Future composition of parks and green land of the city (plan) ............................................................... 14 Table 7. Comparison of urban park area per person ............................................................................................. 15 Table 8. Brief comparison of Sejong and Putrajaya ............................................................................................. 20 Table 9. Three types of transit center in Sejong ................................................................................................... 24 Table 10. Energy consumption per Passenger kilometer in UK and US .............................................................. 28 List of Figures Figure 1. Population growth in London .................................................................................................................. 2 Figure 2. Population growths in London and major Asian cities ............................................................................ 2 Figure 3. World Total and Urban Population 1950-2050 ....................................................................................... 3 Figure 4. Total route of rail line .............................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 5. Location of PUTRAJAYA city ............................................................................................................... 5 Figure 6. Location of SEJONG city........................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 7. Bus Rapid Transit in Curitiba .................................................................................................................. 6 Figure 8. Transmilenio in Bogota ........................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 9. Multi-core structure of Sejong and public transport axis (plan) ............................................................ 10 Figure 10. Decentralization concept of Sejong ..................................................................................................... 11 Figure 11. Core and functional districts of the Belt (plan) ................................................................................... 12 Figure 12. Land use plan of Sejong ...................................................................................................................... 14 Figure 13. the concept of integrated information network .................................................................................... 15 Figure 14. ITS Service Concept ............................................................................................................................ 16 Figure 15. A layout plan of convenience facilities in fundamental living zone .................................................... 17 Figure 16. An aerial view of a part of the project area ......................................................................................... 17 Figure 17. Illustration of Cultural asset preservation plans along with development plans.................................. 18 Figure 18. Waste collecting facilities