EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Proceedings of the COST Strategic Workshop Principles and Development of Bio-inspired Materials 13-15 April 2010, Vienna, Austria Edited by Stefanie E. Tschegg and Robin Seidel About COST COST is an intergovernmental European framework for international cooperation between nationally funded research activities. COST creates scientific networks and enables scientists to collaborate in a wide spectrum of activities in research and technology. COST Activities are administered by the COST Office. For more information: www.cost.esf.org Proceedings of the COST Strategic Workshop Principles and Development of Bio-Inspired Materials Vienna, Austria: 13-15 April 2010 Edited by Stefanie E. Tschegg and Robin Seidel Workshop organisers • BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Department of Materials Sciences and Process Engineering Institute of Physics and Materials Science • COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology Published by BOKU – University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Institute of Physics and Materials Science Peter Jordan Straße 82 A-1190 Vienna Title: Proceedings of the COST Strategic Workshop Principles and Development of Bio-Inspired Materials Vienna, Austria: 13-15 April 2010 Editors: Stefanie E. Tschegg, Robin Seidel Printing: COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology Copyright © 2010 by BOKU – Institute of Physics and Materials Science Publisher’s note Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the publisher. This book has been produced from camera-ready copy provided by the individual authors. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Chair and Co-chair Stefanie Tschegg, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna, BOKU, AT Robin Seidel, University of Freiburg, DE Each paper published in this volume was reviewed at least by one member of the Steering Committee Francesca Cosmi, Universitá di Trieste, IT Rainer Erb, BIOKON, DE George Jeronimidis, University of Reading, UK Julián Martínez Fernández, Universidad de Sevilla, ES Thomas Rosenau, BOKU, AT Lennart Salmén, Innventia, SE Thomas Speck, University of Freiburg, DE Sybrand van der Zwaag, Delft University of Technology, NL COST Science Officer: Caroline Whelan, Materials, Physical and Nanosciences, COST Office Conference Officer: Antje Teegler, COST Office Acknowledgements The organisers, chair and co-chair of this workshop want to thank all, who have supported our efforts in material as well as non-material ways. Our special thanks go to all invited speakers, who are the most famous representatives of their research fields. We also want to honour the valuable work of the Steering Committee. As sponsors especially COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology), BOKU (University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences Vienna), BIOKON DE (Bionics Competence Network), BMVIT (Austrian Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology), BMLFUW (Austrian Federal Ministry for Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Hydrology) and the City of Vienna are gratefully acknowledged. Preface Bio-inspired materials are becoming of increasing interest in many fields of practical applications. In contrast to man-made materials natural materials such as wood, bone and shell are composed of only limited number of basic components. They gain their diversity in mechanical properties by hierarchical structuring and functionalizing of surfaces and interfaces. This allows them to fulfill and to combine a variety of mechanical and additional functions e.g. combining high stiffness and toughness, benign fracture behavior, self-healing, self-adaptability, optical functions, etc. Due to the quickly advancing physical and chemical characterization techniques our knowledge of natural structures and materials has increased significantly in recent years and the secrets of form-structure-function relationships are slowly unveiled. New simulation and production methods allow for the first time to structure technical materials similar to the biological templates. But combining the knowledge of natural materials with modern techniques of simulation and the fabrication of smart technical materials is still the exception due to the lack of communication between bio- and engineering- and material scientists. In order to close this gap, a COST Strategic Workshop, was believed to be the most suitable. High-ranking representatives of natural science, medicine and industry were invited to report on the latest state of knowledge and young researchers were asked to participate and present their own work in the form of poster. With this, the objectives of the workshop were defined as: • Researchers and decision makers from different disciplines, such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, Medicine, Biomimetics and interdisciplinary fields, should discuss forefront topics, which can be used in the future development of bio- inspired materials. • They should explore the state of knowledge and identify present lack of knowledge as well as demands on specified properties of new materials. They should identify new and promising technologies to develop new bio-inspired materials. • The Strategic Workshop should address needs for interdisciplinary research and try to establish and promote multidisciplinary scientific cooperation in these fields. The following forefront topics were identified: • What are the main topics of today´s research on bio-based materials in the different European countries and research groups? • Which demands on special properties of materials exist? Which developments seem promising using nature as a teacher and thus developing bio-inspired materials? • Which research institutions should cooperate and exchange knowledge, ideas, as well as equipment? As an outcome, the strategic workshop should • raise political awareness of the potential of bio-inspired materials • enhance cooperation at European level • contribute to COST Actions • promote research and cooperation in the field of bio-inspired materials in Europe. The workshop has been organized along four main themes: Overview on existing activities on bio-inspired materials • Properties and characterization of natural materials and strategies of nature • Man-made bio-inspired materials - abstraction and translation • Applications - optimized materials and structures and future demands Stefanie Tschegg and Robin Seidel Chair and co-chair of the Strategic Workshop Vienna, February 2010 Content Invited Speakers Eduard Arzt and Marleen Kamperman Bioinspired Adhesive Surfaces 17 Friedrich G. Barth, Elisabeth Vogel, Clemens Schaber Biologically Applied Physics in Sensory Organs: Spider Mechanoreceptors 18 Yuri Estrin Topological Interlocking as a Materials Design Concept 20 Peter Fratzl Hierarchical nanocomposites and mechanical function – learning from nature’s materials 23 Lorna .J. Gibson Mechanically Efficient Cellular Microstructures in Plants 25 Anja C. Hänzi, Bruno Zberg, Jörg F. Löffler, Peter J. Uggowitzer Magnesium alloys for bio-resorbable implants 28 Helmut Kirchner Are natural materials better than man made ones? 31 Takuya Kitaoka Synthesis and Bio-Applications of Carbohydrate–Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates 32 Cecilia Laschi, Barbara Mazzolai, Matteo Cianchetti, Laura Margheri, Andrea Arienti, Maurizio Follador, Paolo Dario Bio-inspiration in robotics: towards a new generation of soft-bodied robots 34 Loredana Moimas, Schmid C., Sergo V., Biasotto M., Pirhonen E., Haimi S., Pesälä J., Lehenkari P. Development of three-dimensional porous bioactive glass scaffolds: from bench testing to clinical investigation. 40 José Pérez-Rigueiro, M. Elices, G.V. Guinea, G.R. Plaza Polymeric fibers with tunable properties: Lessons from spider silk 44 Dierk Raabe, Svetoslav Nikolov, Michal Petrov, Liverios Lymperakis, Martin Friák, Christoph Sachs, Helge Fabritius, Jörg Neugebauer Structure, properties, and modeling of the anthropod cuticle: example of lobster Homarus Americanus 46 Robert O. Ritchie and A. P. Tomsia Development of Bio-Inspired Structural Ceramic Composites 50 Subra Suresh, I.V. Pivkin and M. Dao Cell Mechanobiology and Human Disease States 52 David Taylor What We Can’t Learn From Nature 54 Stefanie Tschegg, Antje Potthast, Thomas Rosenau, Falk Liebner Wood as a bioinspiration material 58 Yasumitsu Uraki, Yutaka Tamai, Takuro Hirai, Keiichi Koda, Hiroshi Yabu, Masatsugu Shimomura Fabrication of honeycomb-patterned cellulose material mimicking wood cell wall formation 64 Ernst Wolner Bioartifical Surfaces in Medicine 66 Mao See Wu Challenges and Strategies for the Mechanical Modeling of Bio-inspired Materials 67 COST Reciprocal Agreement Partners W. Michael Arnold Activities of the MacDiarmid Institute’s Bio-Nano Network 73 Kathryn M. McGrath Learning from Biomineralisation 75 Francois Prinsloo European/South African cooperation in scientific and technical research 77 COST Ambassadors Patrick Flammang COST ACTION TD0908 Marine adhesives: from biology to biomimetics 81 Georg M. Guebitz COST Action 868 Biotechnical Functionalisation of Renewable Polymeric Materials 82 Parviz Navi COST Action