FELINE CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY FELINE CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY Dwight D. Bowman Charles M. Hendrix David S. Lindsay Stephen C. Barr Dwight D. Bowman, MS, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Parasitology in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Charles M. Hendrix, DVM, is a Professor of Parasitology in the Department of Pathobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. David S. Lindsay, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology at the Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia. Stephen C. Barr, BVSc MVS, PhD, is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine and an Associate Professor of Medicine in the Department of Clinical Sciences at the College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. © 2002 Iowa State University Press A Blackwell Science Company All rights reserved Iowa State University Press 2121 South State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014 Orders: 1-800-862-6657 Office: 1-515-292-0140 Fax: 1-515-292-3348 Web site: www.isupress.com Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Iowa State University Press, provided that the base fee of $.10 per copy is paid directly to the Copy- right Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payments has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is 0-8138-0333-0/2002 $.10. Printed on acid-free paper in the United States of America First edition, 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bowman, Dwight D. Feline clinical parasitology / Dwight D. Bowman...[et al.].—1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index (p. ). ISBN 0-8138-0333-0 (alk. paper) 1. Cats—Parasites. 2. Veterinary clinical parasitology. I. Bowman, Dwight D. II. Title. SF986.P37 F46 2001 636.8'089696—dc21 2001003565 The last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS Preface . ix Trypanosoma cruzi . 66 Trypanosoma rangeli . 69 1. The Protozoa . 3 Leishmanial Organisms . 70 Coccidia: The Phylum Apicomplexa . 5 Leishmania donovani . 71 Cryptosporidium felis . 5 Leishmania tropica . 73 Isospora felis . 9 Leishmania braziliensis Isospora rivolta . 12 and Leishmania mexicana . 74 Toxoplasma gondii . 14 Rhizopoda . 76 Unclassified Toxoplasma gondii- Entamoeba histolytica . 76 Like Organism . 28 Hammondia hammondi . 30 Microspora . 79 Hammondia pardalis . 32 Encephalitozoon cuniculi . 80 Microsporidium buyukmihcii . 81 Sarcocystis Species . 34 Sarcocystis felis . 35 2. The Trematodes . 83 Feline Sarcocystis-Associated Trematodes of the Buccal Cavity . 83 Meningoencephalomyelitis . 37 Cats as Experimental Final Hosts Clinostomatidae . 83 of Sarcocystis neurona . 38 Clinostomum falsatum . 86 Clinostomum kalappahi . 87 Besnoitia Species . 38 Clinostomum abdoni . 88 Besnoitia darlingi . 39 Besnoitia wallacei . 40 Trematodes of the Small Intestine . 89 Haemogregarines—Hepatozoon . 41 Cyathocotylidae . 89 Hepatozoon felis . 41 Mesostephanus milvi . 90 Prohemistomum vivax . 92 The Piroplasms: Cytauxzoon and Babesia . 42 Diplostomatidae . 93 Cytauxzoon felis . 43 Alaria marcianae . 93 Babesia felis . 47 Cynodiplostomum azimi . 96 Babesia cati . 49 Fibricola minor . 97 Babesia herpailuri . 49 Pharyngostomum cordatum . 99 Sarcomastigophora . 50 Echinostomatidae . 101 Echinochasmus perfoliatus . 101 Mucosoflagellates . 50 Echinochasmus breviviteilus . 103 Tetratrichomonas felistomae . 50 Echinochasmus liliputanus . 103 Pentatrichomonas hominis . 51 Episthmium caninum . 103 Giardia felis . 53 Stephanoprora denticulatoides . 104 Kinetoplastida . 59 Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex . 105 Trypanosomes . 59 Isthmiophora melis . 107 Trypanosoma . 59 Echinoparyphium . 107 Trypanosoma brucei . 60 Heterophyidae . 107 Trypanosoma gambiense . 62 Apophallinae . 108 Trypanosoma evansi . 63 Apophallus donicus . 108 Trypanosoma congolense . 65 Apophallus venustus . 110 Apophallus muehlingi . 111 v vi /CONTENTS Ascocotylinae . 111 Opisthorchidae . 150 Ascocotyle ascolonga . 112 Amphimerus pseudofelineus . 151 Ascocotyle longicollis . 113 Clonorchis sinensis . 153 Ascocotyle minuta . 114 Opisthorchis felineus . 154 Ascocotyle angrense . 115 Opisthorchis viverrini . 156 Ascocotyle longa . 116 Opisthorchis chabaudi . 157 Ascocotyle pachycystis . 116 Paropisthorchis caninus . 157 Ascocotyle arnoldoi . 116 Metorchis conjunctus . 157 Centrocestinae . 117 Metorchis albidus . 159 Centrocestus caninus . 117 Metorchis orientalis . 160 Pygidiopsis genata . 118 Parametorchis complexum . 160 Pygidiopsis summa . 119 Pseudamphistomum truncatum . 162 Pygidiopsoides spindalis . 119 Trematodes of the Nasal Fossae . 162 Cryptocotylinae . 120 Orchipedidae . 162 Cryptocotyle lingua . 120 Orchipedum isostoma . 162 Cryptocotyle quinqueangularis . 121 Troglotrematidae . 163 Cryptocotyle concavum . 122 Troglotrema mustelae . 163 Euryhelminthinae . 122 Trematodes of the Lungs . 163 Euryhelmis squamula . 122 Euryhelmis monorchis . 123 Troglotrematidae . 164 Euryhelmis pacifica . 124 Paragonimus westermani . 164 Paragonimus pulmonalis . 166 Galactosominae . 124 Paragonimus miyazakii . 168 Galactosomum fregatae . 124 Paragonimus heterotremus . 169 Haplorchiinae . 125 Paragonimus siamensis . 170 Haplorchis pumilio . 125 Paragonimus skrjabini . 171 Haplorchis yokogawai . 126 Paragonimus ohirai . 171 Haplorchis taichui . 128 Paragonimus kellicotti . 172 Haplorchis sprenti . 129 Paragonimus mexicanus . 176 Haplorchis parataichui . 130 Paragonimus inca, Paragonimus Procerovum varium . 130 peruvianus, Paragonimus Procerovum calderoni . 131 caliensis, and Paragonimus Stellantchasmus falcatus . 131 amazonicus . 177 Heterophyinae . 133 Paragonimus africanus and Heterophyes heterophyes . 133 Paragonimus uterobilateralis . 178 Heterophyes aequalis . 135 Trematodes of the Blood Vessels . 178 Heterophyopsis continua . 136 Schistosomatidae . 178 Metagoniminae . 137 Schistosoma japonicum . 178 Metagonimus yokogawai . 137 Metagonimus takahashii . 139 3. The Cestodes: With Notes on the Few Dexiogonimus ciureanus . 139 Acanthocephala Reported from Cats . 183 Stictodoriinae . 140 Pseudophyllidea . 185 Stictodora sawakinensis . 140 Diphyllobothriidae . 185 Microphallidae . 140 Diphyllobothrium latum . 185 Microphalloides vajrasthirae . 141 Other Species of Diphyllobothrium Plagiorchidae . 141 and Related Genera . 189 Plagiorchis massino . 141 Spirometra Species . 189 Nanophyetidae . 142 Spirometra erinaceieuropaei . 190 Nanophyetus salmincola . 142 Spirometra mansonoides . 194 Feline Sparganosis . 198 Trematodes of the Pancreatic Duct, Gallbladder, and Bile Duct . 144 Cyclophyllidea . 199 Dicrocoelidae . 144 Mesocestoididae . 199 Eurytrema procyonis . 145 Mesocestoides lineatus . 199 Euparadistomum pearsoni . 146 Feline Tetrathyridiosis . 204 Euparadistomum buckleyi and Dipylidiidae . 205 Euparadistomum heiwschi . 147 Dipylidium caninum . 205 Platynosomum concinnum . 148 Diplopylidium acanthotetra . 211 CONTENTS / vii Diplopylidium nölleri . 213 Physalopteroidea . 299 Joyeuxiella pasqualei . 215 Physaloptera praeputialis . 299 Joyeuxiella fuhrmanni and Physaloptera pseudopraeputialis 302 Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides . 218 Physaloptera brevispiculum . 303 Dilepididae . 218 Physaloptera rara . 303 Choanotaenia atopa . 218 Physaloptera pacitae . 305 Abbreviata gemina . 305 Taeniidae . 219 Turgida turgida . 305 Taenia taeniaeformis . 219 Feline Coenurosis . 225 Rictularioidea . 306 Echinococcus multilocularis . 227 Pterygodermatites cahirensis . 306 Acanthocephala . 231 Thelazioidea . 307 Thelazia californiensis . 308 4. The Nematodes . 233 Thelazia callipaeda . 310 Vogeloides massinoi . 311 Secernentea . 234 Vogeloides ramanujacharii . 312 Rhabditida . 234 Spiruroidea . 312 Rhabditis strongyloides . 235 Spirura rytipleurites . 312 Strongyloides Species . 235 Cyathospirura seurati . 314 Strongyloides planiceps . 236 Cylicospirura felineus . 315 Strongyloides felis . 237 Cylicospirura subaequalis . 317 Strongyloides tumefaciens . 239 Cylicospirura heydoni . 319 Cylicospirura advena . 319 Strongylida . 241 Spirocerca lupi . 320 Ancylostomatoidea . 242 Mastophorus muris . 321 Ancylostoma tubaeforme . 243 Filarioidea . 321 Ancylostoma braziliense . ..