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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 78- 12,340 HAAG, Roland Francis, 1942- CIVIL WAR AND THE CITIZEN: DEVIATIONS FROM SOME POLITICAL NORMS IN LUCAN. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1978 Language, classical University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, n < £ >^ cCopyright by Roland F ra n cis Haag 1978 CIVIL WAR AND THE CITIZEN; DEVIATIONS FROM SOME POLITICAL NORMS IN LUCAN DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Roland F ran cis Haag, A .B ., M.A. The Ohio S ta te U n iv ersity 1978 Reading Committee: Approved By P ro fesso r Mark P. 0 . Morford Professor Dennis Kratz Professor Charles L. Babcock A dviser Department of Classics Parentibus Carissimis i l ACKKOIÆELGMEIÎTS I wish to express my thanks to my dissertation supervisor Professor Mark P, 0, Morford, Chairman of the Department of Classics, and to the members of the reading committee. Professor Dennis Kratz and Professor Charles Babcock, for their time and efforts toward the completion of this work. I ov?e an incalculable debt of gratitude to Dr. A. F. Johnson for innumerable kindnesses shown me during the months of research and writing. My greatest debt is acknowledged in the dedication. September 16, 19i|2 ......................................... Born - Cleveland, Ohio I 96U ........................................................................ A.B., John Carroll University, Cleveland, Ohio 196 6 ....................................................................... M .A., The Ohio S ta te University, Columbus, Ohio 1967 - 1970........................................................ Teaching Associate, Department of Classics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1970 - 1 9 7 6....................................................... Instructor, Department o f C la s sic s , The Ohio State Univeristy, M ansfield R egional Campus Mansfield, Ohio TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................. l i i VITA.............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. v i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................. v i i INTRODUCTION . ................................................................................................ 1 Chapter I . INTRODUCTION: 1. 67-69 18 ROME................................... 21 I I . CAESAR POLITICUS ........................................................... 6? I I I . ARIMENUM............................................................................. 107 MASSILIA............................................................................ Illi LARISA................................................................................ 121 I'lYTILENE............................................................................ 129 IV. THE CATALOGUE OF FORCES.............................................. 137 V. THE EXPULSION OF THE TRIBUNES................................... 12:7 THE SENATE IN EXILE............................................ 1^6 THE MUTINIES................................................................... 167 VI.. POMPEÏ POLITICUS............................................................ 182: V II. CATO POLITICUS ET SAPIENS........................................... 192: V III. THE CAI'IPS OPPOSITE........................................................ 217 THE MSS SUICIDE............................... 23k SCAEVA................................................................................. 22:0 IX. ALEXANDRIA.......................................................................... 2^2 X. CONCLUSION.......................................................................... 286 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................... 296 LIST OF TABLES 1. Scenes in Order of Occurrence ............................................. 13 2. Scenes in Order of Treatment . ' 15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AJP American Journal of Philology GB The Classical Bulletin GJ The C la s sic a l Jo u rn a l GPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CVJ The C la s sic a l World CScM Classica et Mediaevalia GPvBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies HSCP Harvard Studies in Classical Philology HTR Harvard Theological Review JRS J o u rn a l of Roman S tu d ies REA Revue des Etudes Anciennes REL Revue des Etudes Latines RFC Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica RhM R heinisches Museum TAPA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association ÏCS Yale Classical Studies INTRODUCTION The subj îct matter of Lucan's poem De belle civili is a portion of the civil war which convulsed the city of Rome and the Roman w orld from h9 B.C. to US B.C. and resulted in the collapse of the Republican Constitution and the assumption of supreme power by Julius Caesar as Dictator perpetuus in February W: B.C. L ucan's poem, u n fin ish e d as i t has come down to u s, t r e a t s th e years B.C. to U7 B.C.—from Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon to his temporary entrapment in the palace at Alexandria after the defeat of the Pompeians at Pharsalia and the assassination of Pompey. The theme of Lucan's poem is the deterioration of the moral and spiritual values^—the civic virtues—that took place during the period of civil upheaval and chaos. These civic virtues were the soul of the five-hundred-year-old Roman Republic, and are an essential part of civilized existence in any political and social e n ti t y . For Lucan, living in the era of the Principate, as for Cicero in the era of the Republic, and for Vergil and Horace in the transition period between the two regimes, "Rome" is synonymous with the ideal of civilization achieved within an ordered constitution. Further, the achievement that was Rorrie's was meant to embrace the Lucan shares in part the attitude toward the Civil War of Vergil and Horace. For both these authors the war represented an interruption in the continuity of Roman political existence; and the devastation, physical and spiritual, was a traumatic experience which required a vigorous moral effort to put right again.^ But the advent of Augustus and the benefits conferred by the Augustan Age—a new order under the Princeps which meant the rebirth of Roman civil and political existence based on traditional Roman rule of law—were things to be celebrated.^ The Civil War represented for Lucan, however, in contrast to his predecessors, a devastation so great—political, social, moral, economic, cultural, and spiritual—that Rome and Rome’s civilizing mission w ill not recover.^ Just as Rome embraces the whole world and all mankind under its aegis of law, order, and civilization, so, too, the devastation worked by the Civil War cannot help, in Lacan’s vision, but affect the orderly and civilized existence of other political entities that have fallen under the control of the imperial city. The destiny of Rome is necessarily the destiny of the rest of the civilized world—because Rome is the civilized w orld. The poet gives an indication of his vision of the magnitude of the effects of the Civil War in the opening line of the poem: bella per Bnathios plus quam ciuilia campos. The ancient interpretation of this line is as a reference