Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 5 EXPLODING DEMAND ............................................................................................... 8 Smartphones and Tablets ......................................................................................... 8 Application Innovation .............................................................................................. 9 Internet of Things .................................................................................................. 10 Video Streaming .................................................................................................... 10 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................... 11 5G Data Drivers ..................................................................................................... 11 Global Mobile Adoption ........................................................................................... 11 THE PATH TO 5G ..................................................................................................... 15 Expanding Use Cases ............................................................................................. 15 1G to 5G Evolution ................................................................................................. 17 5G Concepts and Architectures ................................................................................ 20 Information-Centric Networking ............................................................................... 25 3GPP Releases ....................................................................................................... 26 SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES AND ARCHITECTURES ............................................. 33 Types of Cells ........................................................................................................ 33 Smalls Cells and Heterogeneous Networks ................................................................ 34 Internet of Things and Machine-to-Machine ............................................................... 37 Unlicensed Spectrum Integration ............................................................................. 39 Smart Antennas and MIMO ..................................................................................... 41 Virtualization ......................................................................................................... 42 Fixed Mobile Convergence and IMS .......................................................................... 44 Multicast and Broadcast .......................................................................................... 45 VOLTE, RCS, WEBRTC, AND WI-FI CALLING ........................................................... 46 Voice Support and VoLTE ........................................................................................ 46 Rich Communications Suite ..................................................................................... 47 WebRTC ............................................................................................................... 48 Wi-Fi Calling .......................................................................................................... 48 PUBLIC SAFETY ...................................................................................................... 50 LTE Features for Public Safety ................................................................................. 50 Deployment Schedule and Approaches ..................................................................... 52 Device Considerations for Public Safety .................................................................... 53 EXPANDING CAPACITY ........................................................................................... 55 SPECTRUM DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................................... 60 AWS-3 .................................................................................................................. 62 Incentive Auctions (600 MHz) .................................................................................. 62 3550 to 3700 MHz “Small-Cell” Band ........................................................................ 63 5G Bands .............................................................................................................. 63 Harmonization ....................................................................................................... 64 Unlicensed Spectrum .............................................................................................. 66 Spectrum Sharing .................................................................................................. 68 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................... 72 Beyond LTE: Enabling the Mobile Broadband Explosion, Rysavy Research/4G Americas, August 2015 Page 2 APPENDIX: TECHNOLOGY DETAILS ........................................................................ 73 Data Throughput Comparison .................................................................................. 73 Latency Comparison ............................................................................................... 78 Spectral Efficiency.................................................................................................. 78 Data Consumed by Video ........................................................................................ 85 CDMA2000 ............................................................................................................ 86 WiMAX ................................................................................................................. 88 Spectrum Bands .................................................................................................... 89 UMTS-HSPA .......................................................................................................... 92 HSDPA .............................................................................................................. 93 HSUPA .............................................................................................................. 96 Evolution of HSPA (HSPA+) ..................................................................................... 97 Advanced Receivers ............................................................................................ 97 MIMO ................................................................................................................ 98 Continuous Packet Connectivity ............................................................................ 99 Higher Order Modulation ...................................................................................... 99 Multi-Carrier HSPA .............................................................................................. 99 Downlink Multiflow Transmission ........................................................................ 100 HSPA+ Throughput Rates .................................................................................. 101 UMTS-HSPA Voice ................................................................................................ 105 Improved Circuit-Switched Voice ........................................................................ 105 Circuit-Switched (CS) Voice over HSPA ................................................................ 106 VoIP ............................................................................................................... 107 LTE .................................................................................................................... 108 LTE Throughput Rates ....................................................................................... 109 OFDMA and Scheduling ..................................................................................... 110 LTE Smart Antennas ......................................................................................... 112 IPv4/IPv6 ........................................................................................................ 116 VoLTE and RCS ................................................................................................ 117 TDD Harmonization ........................................................................................... 122 SMS in LTE ...................................................................................................... 123 LTE-Advanced ..................................................................................................... 123 Carrier Aggregation .......................................................................................... 124 LTE-Advanced Antenna Technologies .................................................................. 130 Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) .......................................................................... 133 User Equipment Categories ................................................................................ 135 LTE-Advanced Relays ........................................................................................ 136 Internet of Things and Machine-to-Machine .......................................................... 137 Proximity Services (Device-to-Device) ................................................................. 138 LTE Throughput