Atmospheric Characterization of Transiting Extrasolar Planets Observations Jean-Michel Désert Caltech - Sagan Fellow EXOPAG 6, Reno October 13th 2012 samedi 13 octobre 2012 New Frontiers 2 samedi 13 octobre 2012 New Frontiers Comparative exoplanetology of hot-Jupiters 3 samedi 13 octobre 2012 New Frontiers Super-Earths Comparative around low exoplanetology mass stars of hot-Jupiters 4 samedi 13 octobre 2012 New Frontiers Super-Earths Comparative around low exoplanetology mass stars of hot-Jupiters Kepler Transiting planets 5 samedi 13 octobre 2012 New Frontiers Super-Earths Comparative around low exoplanetology mass stars of hot-Jupiters Kepler Transiting Transiting planets in front planets of bright stars 6 samedi 13 octobre 2012 I) A Decade of Transiting Planets’ Atmospheres II) Comparative Exoplanetology III) Ground Based Challenges IV) New Astrophysical Opportunities 7 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transits Allow Studies of Atmospheres That Are Not Possible for Non-Transiting Exoplanets Reflected: Emitted: Transmitted: samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Cloud-Free Models By E. Kempton : samedi 13 octobre 2012 GJ1214b: Distinguishing H-rich/H-poor atmospheres Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Cloud-Free Models By E. Kempton : Large H Small H samedi 13 octobre 2012 GJ1214b: Distinguishing H-rich/H-poor atmospheres Désert et al. (2011) CH4 I Cloud-Free Models By E. Kempton : Large H H2O H2O I I Small H samedi 13 octobre 2012 GJ1214b: Distinguishing H-rich/H-poor atmospheres Désert et al. (2011) J H K H2O H2O I I HST/WFC3 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Wavelength-Dependent Transit Depths GJ1214b Berta et al. (2011) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Wavelength-Dependent Transit Depths GJ1214b Berta et al. (2011) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Necessity of a Multi-Wavelength Approach samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transiting Exoplanet’s Atmospheres : 10 Years of Breakthrough samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transiting Exoplanet’s Atmospheres : 10 Years of Breakthrough [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transiting Exoplanet’s Atmospheres : 10 Years of Breakthrough [ Deming et al. 2005] [ Vidal-Madjar et al. 2003] [ Charbonneau et al. 2002] [ Charbonneau et al. 2005] samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? 19 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres 20 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets 21 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - Spitzer Giant Exoplanet Surveys (Eclipses) - Joseph Harrington’s program - Heather Knutson’s program 22 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Emission Measurements (IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - Spitzer Giant Exoplanet Surveys (Eclipses) - Pushing the limit to Super-Earth 55 Cnc-e, Spitzer/IRAC 4.5 um 131+/-28 ppm => 2350+/-300K Demory et al. (2012) 24 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres 25 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres HD189733b Fortney et al. 2010 26 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres HD189733b Sing et al. 2011 Fortney et al. 2010 27 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres - Longitudinal winds, Atmospheric dynamics, Evaporation Knutson et al. (2012) HD189733b, Knutson et al. 2007 28 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres - Longitudinal winds, Atmospheric dynamics, Evaporation - Large variety of albedo (0.03 - 0.3) 29 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres - Longitudinal winds, Atmospheric dynamics, Evaporation - Large variety of albedo (0.03 - 0.3) - Non-equilibrium chemistry, weather variability, etc... 30 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres - Longitudinal winds, Atmospheric dynamics, Evaporation - Large variety of albedo (0.03 - 0.3) - Non-equilibrium chemistry, weather variability, etc... Difficulties: - Instrumental and observational systematics - Several ‘‘firsts’’ molecular detections in NIR challenged - Astrophysical systematics (stellar variability, limb-darkening) 31 samedi 13 octobre 2012 A Decade of Transiting Planets Atmospheres: What Have We Learnt ? Diversity of hot-Jupiter Atmospheres: - Temperature and Thermal inversion for a subset of planets - High altitude optical absorbers / transparent atmospheres - Longitudinal winds, Atmospheric dynamics, Evaporation - Large variety of albedo (0.03 - 0.3) - Non-equilibrium chemistry, weather variability, etc... Difficulties: - Instrumental and observational systematics - Several ‘‘firsts’’ molecular detections in NIR challenged - Astrophysical systematics (stellar variability, limb-darkening) => Multi-Wavelength Surveys Are Required 32 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transiting Exoplanets 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 33 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Emission Measurements (IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission Measurements (XEUV -> IR) 10 ( ) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 35 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey Transmission SpectroscopySpace-based Surveys: HST-WFC3 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) 10 HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters ( ) (PI: D. Sing) Spitzer 600 hours (PI: D. Desert) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 36 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey Transmission SpectroscopySpace-based Surveys: HST-WFC3 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) 10 HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters ( ) (PI: D. Sing) Spitzer 600 hours (PI: D. Desert) 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-major axis (AU) 37 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-JupitersSpace-based Survey Surveys: Transmission HST-WFC3Spectroscopy 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Sing) 10 ( ) Spitzer 600 hours (PI: D. Desert) 1 Ground-based Surveys: Planet Radius Radius Planet NIR:0.01 Magellan (PI: JM Désert0.1 / J. Bean) 1 Semi-major axis (AU) Optical: Gemini (PI: JM Désert) 38 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-JupitersSpace-based Survey Surveys: Transmission HST-WFC3Spectroscopy 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Deming) HST-STIS 13 Hot-Jupiters (PI: D. Sing) 10 ( ) Spitzer 600 hours (PI: D. Desert) Ground-based Surveys: 1 Planet Radius Radius Planet NIR: Magellan (PI: JM Désert / J. Bean) 0.01 0.1 1 Semi-majorOptical: axis Gemini (AU) (PI: JM Désert) 39 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b CH4 I H2O H2O I I samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b J H K H2O H2O I I samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission Spectroscopy of GJ1214b J H K H2O H2O I I HST/WFC3 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey with HST/WFC3 Sukrit Ranjan (CfA) Ranjan et al. (in prep) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Hot-Jupiters Survey with HST/WFC3 Sukrit Ranjan (CfA) Ranjan et al. (in prep) samedi 13 octobre 2012 samedi 13 octobre 2012 Cryo-Spitzer samedi 13 octobre 2012 Ground-based Survey Of hot-Jupiters • Optical: Gemini (PI: JM Désert) • NIR: Magellan (PI: JM Désert / J. Bean) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Ground-Based Observations Redfield et al. (2008) Croll et al. (2010) Transit HD189733b Eclipse TrES-2b samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission GTC XO-2b Sing, Désert et al. (2011) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Transmission GTC See also Colon et al. (2012) for HD80606b XO-2b Sing, Désert et al. (2011) samedi 13 octobre 2012 Ground-Based Observations Redfield et al. (2008) Croll et al. (2010) Transit HD189733b Eclipse TrES-2b samedi 13 octobre 2012 Ground-Based Observations Croll et al. (2010) Redfield et al. (2008) Eclipse TrES-2b Transit HD189733b The Multi-Object Spectroscopy Technique VLT/FORS Bean et al. (2010) samedi 13 octobre 2012 The Multi-Object Spectroscopy Technique VLT/FORS Bean et al. (2010) H2O H2O I I Bean et al. (2010) samedi 13 octobre 2012 The Multi-Object