BOTSWANA WATER STATISTICS Published by Central Statistics Office Private bag 0024, Gaborone Phone 3671300, Fax 3952201 E-mail: [email protected] Contact Unit: Environment Statistics Phone: 3671345 3692807 3692880 Printed by and Obtainable from: Department of Printing and Publishing Services Private Bag 0081, Gaborone Phone 3953202 Fax 3959392 October 2009 COPYRIGHT RESERVED Extracts may be published if Sources is duly acknowledged PREFACE This is the first edition of ‘Botswana Water Statistics (BWS)’publication produced by the Central Statistics Office (CSO). Prior to this, the office compiled two editions of Botswana Environment Statistics in 2000 and 2006 respectively, in which Water Resource Chapter was included. The publication has been necessitated by the global recognition of the need to incorporate considerations for the sustainable use of safe water in the socio-economic development planning process so as to ensure that the socio- economic development achieved is also sustainable. The CSO did not conduct any survey to come up with data presented in this publication, rather the department used secondary data collected from various government departments, ministries, parastatal organizations, private companies and NGOs. Data in tables whose source(s) is (are) not indicated are from other Central Statistics Publications. Data was collected from Water Utilities Corporation, Ministry of Local Government, Department of Water Affairs, different District Councils across the country and publications such as ‘Botswana National Water Master Plan 2004’ and ‘Inventory of Wetlands in Botswana’. The Pressure-State-Response Model was used in preparing this publication. It was not possible to get the required data on all the variables that were necessary for the analysis and/or monitoring of the sustainable use of water resources and impact of anthropogenic activities on water sources. Consequently, some parts of the framework, particularly the ‘impact’ component, have not been adequately covered in the publication. For the same reason, the period of reference (base year) is not uniform in all cases within and between chapters. The CSO acknowledges and extends gratitude to various departments and/ or organizations that provided the information used in this publication. Thank you. A. Majelantle Government Statistician i II. TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page I. PREFACE i II. TABLE OF CONTENTS ii III. LIST OF TABLES iv IV. LIST OF FIGURES v V. LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES v VI. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS vi 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Geography 1 1.3 Uses of Water 2 1.4 Sources of water 2 1.5 Surface water-Rivers 2 1.6 Surface water-Dams 3 1.7 Groundwater resources 5 1.8 Water abstraction 5 1.9 Water Quality 7 1.10Wetlands 8 2.0 POPULATION’S ACCESS TO WATER 9 3.0 GROUNDWATER SUPPLY 10 3.1Wellfields in Botswana 10 3.2 Water Abstraction 12 4.0 WATER SUPPLY IN MINOR VILLAGES 19 4.1 Water Supply by Districts 19 5.0 WATER IN MINING SECTOR 21 5.1 Morupule Colliery 21 5.2 Jwaneng Mines 21 5.3 Orapa and Letlhakane Mines 23 5.4 Botash Mines 24 5.5 BCL Water flow 25 5.6 Tati-Nickel Water Supply 26 6.0 SURFACE WATER 27 6.1 Water Supply 27 ii 6.2 Water Consumption per Capita 30 7.0 GOVERNMENT REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 32 7.1 Water Tariffs 32 7.1.1 Urban water tariffs 32 7.1.2 Rural water prices (DWA and DC’s) 32 7.1.3 Self-Providers 32 8.0 WATER QUALITY IN BOTSWANA 34 8.1 Physical and organoleptic requirements 34 8.2 Chemical Requirements: Inorganic macro- determinants 36 8.3 Testing Portable and Raw water 41 8.9 Microbiology Results for Water Supplied by WUC 44 9.0 PRESSURE ON WATER RESOURCES 55 10.0 WASTEWATER PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 56 10.1 Policy towards wastewater 57 11.0 WETLANDS IN BOTSWANA 58 12.0 LEGISLATION 61 13.0 INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL WATER RELATED INSTRUMENTS TO WHICH BOTSWANA IS A PARTY 62 REFERENCES 64 APPENDICES 65 APPENDIX-1: Population and Water Production for the 17 Major Villages 65 APPENDIX-2: Water Supply by District Councils 72 APPENDIX-3: Water Supply by Water Utilities Corporation 86 APPENDIX-4: Standards for Water Quality 89 iii III. LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The storage Capacity of Large Dams in Botswana 3 Table 1.2 Water Storage for Selected Dams by year (‘000 000) 4 Table 1.3 Dams Constructed in Botswana 6 Table 2.1 Population by districts and principal source of water supply 9 Table 3.1 Availability of Groundwater in Botswana 10 Table 3.2 Sustainable groundwater resource in Botswana 11 Table 3.3 Water Supply Demand for Major Villages – 2007 12 Table 3.4 Water Production, Consumption and Losses Major Villages (m3) 14 Table 4.1 Total water supply and demand per District 19 Table 5.1 Amount of water pumped and supplied to Morupule 21 Table 5.2 Northern Wellfields 22 Table 5.3 Mine Reservoir 22 Table 5.4 Water and Wastewater supply at Orapa mines (Mm 3) 23 Table 5.5 Availability and types of water in Sowa Township (Mm 3) 24 Table 5.6 BCL Water Flow Rates 25 Table 5.7 Tati-Nickel Water Consumption 26 Table 5.8 Amount of Recycled Water by Month-Tati-Nickel (2008) 26 Table 6.1 Total annual water abstraction from WUC dams (Mm 3) 27 Table 6.2 Annual treated water productions (Mm 3) 27 Table 6.5 Water sales in thousand cubic meters 29 Table 6.6 Total Water Consumption for all towns 30 Table 6.8 Water Consumption per capita in Towns (m3/d) 31 Table 6.9 Water Consumption per capita in Major villages (m 3/d) 32 Table 7.1 Domestic and Business Consumers 1st November 2004- March 2008 34 Table 7.2 Water Tariffs for Government, City, Town and District Councils 34 Table 8.2 pH Statistics as compared to the BOS 32:2000 Standards 36 Table 8.3 Calcium Concentration data in mg/l for the different Dams 37 Table 8.4 Hardness as CaCO3 against BOS 32: 2000 Standards 38 Table 8.5 Chlorine Content for the five dams against BOS 32: 2000 Standards 39 Table 8.6 Fluoride Content for the five dams against BOS 32: 2000 Standards 40 iv Table 8.7 Potassium Content for the five dams against BOS 32: 2000 Standards 41 Table 8.8 Sodium Content for the five dams against BOS 32: 2000 Standards 42 Table 8.9 Gaborone Microbiology Total Analyses 44 Table 8.10 Francistown Microbilogy Total Analyses 44 Table 8.11 Selibe-Phikwe Microbiology Total Analyses 45 Table 8.12 Lobatse Microbiology Total Analyses 45 Table 8.13 Jwaneng Microbiology Total Analyses 46 Table 8.14 Sowa Microbiology Total Analyses 46 Table 8.15 Chemical Tests Results for different towns 49 Table 8.16 Water quality for Major villages 50 Table 8.16 Water quality for Major villages 51 Table 8.17 Typical analysis of brackish and potable water 52 Table 8.18 Morupule Chemical Analysis carried out on 10/09/08 53 Table 8.19 Water quality for Portable Water at Tati-Nickel Mine by month 54 Table 10.1 Institutional responsibilities of wastewater and sanitation 56 Table 11.1 Wetlands coverage by district 59 Table 11.2 Mean Annual Runoff for Internal Botswana Rivers (Government of Botswana, 1991) 60 IV. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1: Cumulative Water Resource Developed (m 3/d) by Well fields 11 Figure 3.2: Total Water Demand (m 3) and loses in Major Villages in 2007 13 Figure 3.3: Water Production, Consumption and Losses for the 17 major Villages (m3) 15 Figure 3.4: Water Consumption in Major Villages Categorized by Activities (m 3) 16 Figure 3.5: Water Production in 17 major villages from 2004/05 to 2007/08 (m 3) 17 Figure 3.6: Water Consumption in 17 major villages from 2004/05 to 2007/08 (m 3) 18 Figure 4.1: Map showing all Stations of Water Resource in Botswana 20 v V. LIST OF APPENDICES TABLES APPENDIX 1 TABLES Table 2.2 Total Population for the 17 major villages by Year 61 Table 3.5 Water Production in Major Villages (m 3) 62 Table 3.6 Water Consumption in Major Villages (m 3) 63 Table 3.8 Water Losses for the Major Villages (m3) 64 Table 3.9 Percentages of Water Losses for Each Major Villages (m 3) 65 Table 3.7 Water Consumption in Major Villages Categorized by Activities (m 3) 66 APPENDIX 2 TABLES Table 4.2 Ghanzi District Council: Water Supply and Demand 68 Table 4.3 Charleshill Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 68 Table 4.4 Serowe/Palapye Sub-district: Water Supply and Demand 69 Table 4.5 Bobirwa Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 70 Table 4.6 Boteti Sub- District: Water Supply and Demand 70 Table 4.7 Mahalapye Sub –District: Water Supply and Demand 71 Table 4.8 Kgatleng District Council: Water Supply and Demand 72 Table 4.9 South East Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 72 Table 4.10 Tutume Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 73 Table 4.11 Kanye/Moshupa Sub-District Water Supply and Demand 74 Table 4.12 Goodhope Sub-District: Water Supply andDemand 75 Table 4.13 Mabutsane Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 76 Table 4.14 Kweneng East Sub-District: Water SupplyAnd Demand 76 Table 4.15 Letlhakeng Sub-District Water Supply and Demand 77 Table 4.16 Kgalagadi District: Water Supply and Demand 78 Table 4.17 North East District: Water Supply and Demand 79 Table 4.18 Tonota Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 80 Table 4.19 Ngami Sub-District Water Supply and Demand 80 Table 4.20 Chobe Sub-District: Water Supply and Demand 81 Table 4.21 Okavango Sub-District Water Supply and Demand 81 vi APPENDIX 3 TABLES Table 6.3 WUC dams as at March 31 from 2005/6 to 2007/08 82 Table 6.4 Water Production and Losses (ML) 83 Table 6.7 Water Consumption (in kl) for the different towns 84 APPENDIX 4 TABLES Table 8.1 Specification for Drinking Water Quality 85 Table 10.2 Wastewater standards 86 vii VI.