Tel Beth-Shean: History and Archaeology AMIHAI MAZAR Tel Beth-Shean is one of the most extensively explored biblical sites in the Land of Israel: two expeditions excavated the site over many years, yielding vast quantities of archaeological data. This, together with the limited number of textual sources, makes Beth-Shean an intriguing site for research. The following article provides an overview of the textual sources and archaeological data relating to all periods of occupation at the site through the end of the Iron Age, and a short discussion of the relationship between the textual and archaeological sources. Beth-Shean in the Written Sources Egyptian Texts The earliest reference to Beth-Shean may appear in the Egyptian Exe- cration Texts, although the reading is disputed. 1 The city is mentioned in the topographic list of Thutmose III at Karnak (No. 110: bt š’ir ). 2 Beth- Shean appears only once in the Amarna letters of the 14th century, re- ferred to as bit ša-a-ni in a letter from Abdi-Heba, ruler of Jerusalem (EA 289). 3 After mentioning Gath Carmel as the city ruled by of Tagi, Abdi- Heba notes that the men of Gath comprise the garrison in Beth-Shean, that is, his enemies make up the Pharaoh’s protective forces to the north. Further on, Abdi-Heba connects Tagi to the sons of Lab’ayu, the ruler of Shechem, in the context of stirring up hostility against the Pha- raoh. A petrographic study of the Amarna letters has revealed that while most of the tablets of Abdi-Heba’s letters were made of local hill- country clay, one was made of Jordan Valley clay (EA 285), perhaps 1 Cf. Mazar/Mullins (2007), 1–2 (with references). 2 Cf. Simons (1937), 27–44; Aharoni (1979), 156–166, esp. 163; Redford (1992), 156–160. 3 Cf. Moran (1992), 332–333; Pritchard (1950), 489; Aharoni (1979), 170–176. 240 Amihai Mazar produced and written by a scribe at Beth-Shean itself. 4 Beth-Shean is also mentioned six times in topographic lists of Seti I. 5 In a monumental stela of Seti I, found at Beth-Shean, the city is described as besieged by the rulers of Hamath and Pehal, while Reh ob9 remained loyal to the Pharaoh. 6 Ramesses II refers to Beth-Shean once in a list from Karnak, and Papyrus Anastasi I, probably of the same dating, mentions Beth- Shean in conjunction with Reh ob9 in relation to crossing the Jordan Riv- er. 7 The city is mentioned again in Shoshenq I’s list at Karnak, aside Reh ob.9 8 Biblical Texts The following biblical sources mention Beth-Shean: • Josh. 17:11: Beth-Shean is mentioned together with other cities in the Jezreel Valley and on the Coastal Plain as Manassite cities in the territories of Issachar and Asher, referring specifically to the Canaanite population that continued to inhabit these re- gions under Israelite hegemony (vv. 12–13). • Judg. 1:27: Beth-Shean is mentioned as one of the Canaanite ci- ties in the valley, not conquered by Manasseh. The list of such towns repeats the list in Josh. 17:11, with some changes. • 1 Samuel 31 and 1 Chron. 10:8–12: following the death of Saul in the battle on Gilboa, the Philistines hung his body and the bodies of his three sons on the walls of Beth-Shean. People from Yavesh-Gilead brought the bodies to their city, burned them, and buried the bones. • 1 Kings 4:12: Beth-Shean is mentioned as one of the towns in the fifth administrative district of Solomon, governed by Baana Ben Ahilud. The district includes the Jezreel Valley and part of the Jordan Valley. • 1 Chron. 7:29: Beth-Shean is mentioned among the cities of Ma- nasseh, derivative from Josh. 17:11 and Judg. 1:27. 4 Cf. Goren/Finkelstein/Na’aman (2004), 267–269. 5 Cf. Ahituv (1984), 78–79 (with references). 6 Cf. Rowe (1930), 25–29, Fig. 5 and Pl. 41; Pritchard (1950), 253; Kitchen (1968), 11–12; Higginbotham (2000), 22–24 (with references to earlier literature). 7 Cf. Ahituv (1984), 19, 79; Pritchard (1950), 477. In the Egyptian hieroglyphic texts, the name is always written as Beth-ŝā’l. 8 Cf. Ahituv (1984), 79. Tel Beth-Shean: History and Archaeology 241 The Site Biblical Beth-Shean is identified with Tel Beth-Shean (Tell el-Hosn9 in Arabic), a steep, prominent mound overlooking the Beth-Shean Valley. Fig. 1: Aerial view of Tel Beth-Shean during 1994 season (looking west). The top of the mound is 113 m below sea level, some 12 m above the natural hill on which the site is located. The mound is surrounded on all sides by deep ravines and commands the main road descending from the Jezreel and Harod Valleys to the Beth-Shean Valley that con- nects the northern Coastal Plain with Transjordan. This latitudinal road intersects with the important longitudinal road that traverses the Jor- dan Valley and continues northward towards the Sea of Galilee, and from there either to Damascus or the Lebanese Bek’a. These strategic advantages, as well as the abundant water supply and fertile lands nearby, made Beth-Shean an attractive site for a settlement for thou- sands of years. Although the tell is larger than 4 ha in area, its northern part was not settled for most of the biblical period, and its southern and perhaps western edges were probably cut away during the Roman period. 9 The Hebrew University (HU) excavations have shown that for most of the 2nd millennium BCE, the settled area was limited to the 9 Cf. Arubas (2006), 48–60. 242 Amihai Mazar summit of the mound, which is not larger than 1.5–2 ha, inhabited by a community of not more than ca. 500 persons. 10 The Beth-Shean Valley is strewn with dozens of mounds and ruins of various sizes, the largest of which is Tel Rehov9 (Tell es-S9 arem9 in Arabic), 5 km south of Beth-Shean. This 10 ha large tell was the location of the city-state of Reh ob9 in the 2nd millennium BCE.11 Other sites in the valley are much smaller, evidence for a complex and hierarchical settlement pattern. Subsistence in the valley was most probably based on irrigation agriculture, facilitated by the abundance of springs lo- cated at high elevations compared to the fields. The HU investigations at Tel Beth-Shean are part of a regional research project that includes surveys and the long-term excavations at Tel Reh ob.9 12 The Excavations Extensive excavations were conducted at Tel Beth-Shean by the Univer- sity Museum of the University of Pennsylvania Expedition (UME) bet- ween 1921 and 1933, directed consecutively by Clarence Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. FitzGerald. 13 This was one of the first multi-level tells excavated systematically in Palestine, and it provided a sequence of material culture from 18 occupation levels from the late Neolithic through the Medieval period. The framework of the archaeological history of the site was established, and many important buildings and finds were exposed. The excavation methods used during the 1920s and early 1930s, however, were insufficient in terms of modern ar- chaeological research, and in 1983, a three-week excavation season was conducted by Yigael Yadin and Shulamit Geva of the Hebrew Univer- sity.14 Subsequently, the present author conducted nine excavation 10 This population estimate is based on a coefficient of 250 persons per built-up hec- tare, cf. Schloen (2001), 169–183. James/McGovern (1993), 238, calculated the town’s area as 5 ha, but they included the northern part of the mound, which in my view remained unsettled during the 2nd millennium BCE. Their population estimate was based on a coefficient of 400 persons per hectare, which is too high . 11 Cf. Mazar (2008b). 12 Regional research on the Middle Bronze Age was conducted by A. Maeir as part of his PhD-thesis at the Hebrew University, cf. Maeir (1997). A survey of 120 sq km around Tel Reh ob9 was carried out by A. Cahn (unpublished M.A. thesis at Hebrew University Jerusalem). Both confirmed the results of earlier surveys of the valley car- ried out by N. Zori. 13 Cf. esp. Rowe (1930; 1940); Oren (1973); James (1966); James/McGovern (1993). 14 Cf. Yadin/Geva (1986). Tel Beth-Shean: History and Archaeology 243 seasons on the tell between 1989 and 1996. 15 These excavations took advantage of the fact that the UME excavations had created several large steps on the summit of the mound, in each of which different periods had been exposed. Fig. 2: Topographic Plan of Tel Beth-Shean, with Location of Excavation Areas of Hebrew University Expedition and main Structures, dating to various periods in each area. We could thus excavate different periods in the ‘terraces’ left by the UME some 60 years earlier, and were able to study almost the entire stratigraphic sequence of the site using modern methods and to inves- tigate many aspects of this important site (see Fig. 2). Tab. 1 presents correlations between the UME strata (denoted ‘Levels’ by them) and the various phases in each of the HU excavation areas. 15 The excavations were conducted under the auspices of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in the framework of a joint expedition coordinated by the Beth-Shean Tourism Development Administration. For additional details on the expedition and the team, cf. Mazar (2006a), 9–25. Special thanks go to Nava Panitz-Cohen and Ro- bert Mullins for their invaluable assistance throughout the field work and publica- tion processes.