Lake Catchment Interaction Analysis by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques – the case study of Kolleru Lake, South India Dissertation Thesis Submitted for obtaining the degree of Doctor of Natural Science (Dr. rer. nat.) to the Fachbereich Geographie Philipps Universität Marburg by Meena Kumari Kolli Marburg, April 2020 I Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Christian Opp Hydro-Geography and Soil Science Geography Faculty Philipps-Universität Marburg II Declaration by the Author I declared that this thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. Meena Kumari Kolli III List of Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................... VII List of Figures ....................................................................................................... VIII Acknowledgment..................................................................................................... XI Abbreviation .......................................................................................................... XIII Abstract .................................................................................................................. XV Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................... XIX CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 1. 1 Current wetland studies – a literature review ................................................... 1 1. 1. 1 Introduction to lakes .................................................................................. 3 1. 2 Distribution of Wetlands in India ....................................................................... 7 1. 2. 1 Wetland mapping – a status review .......................................................... 8 1. 2. 2 Current loss of wetlands in India ............................................................. 11 1. 3 Use of Remote Sensing & GIS in wetland inventories ................................... 17 1. 4 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 19 1. 5 Objective of the Research Investigation ......................................................... 20 1. 6 Project design ................................................................................................ 20 References ............................................................................................................ 22 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 30 Study area ............................................................................................................ 30 2. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 30 2. 2 Geographical location .................................................................................... 30 2. 3 Climate ........................................................................................................... 31 2. 4 Land use conditions overview ........................................................................ 33 2. 5 Geomorphological units ................................................................................. 36 2. 6 Significance of the study ................................................................................ 36 References ............................................................................................................ 37 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 39 Data Used and Methodology .............................................................................. 39 3. 1 Database Preparation .................................................................................... 39 3. 1. 1 Soil data .................................................................................................. 39 3. 1. 2 Landuse data .......................................................................................... 44 3. 2 Methods ......................................................................................................... 45 IV 3. 2. 1 SWAT model ........................................................................................... 46 3. 2. 2 Weighted overlay analysis ...................................................................... 47 3. 2. 3 RUSLE Model ......................................................................................... 48 References ............................................................................................................ 49 CHAPTER 4: Estimation of Soil Erosion and Sediment ield Concentration across the Kolleru Lake Catchment using GIS .................................................... 51 4. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 51 4. 2 Study Area ..................................................................................................... 53 4. 3 Material and methods..................................................................................... 54 4. 3. 1 Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) .................................................................... 55 4. 3. 2 Slope Length and Steepness Factor (LS) ............................................... 56 4. 3. 3 Support Practice factor (P) ...................................................................... 57 4. 3. 4 Soil Erodibility Factor (K) ........................................................................ 58 4. 3. 5 Crop and management factor (C) ........................................................... 60 4. 3. 6 Predicting sediment yield ........................................................................ 61 4. 4 Results and Discussions ................................................................................ 62 4. 4. 1 Soil loss .................................................................................................. 62 4. 4. 2 Sediment delivery ratio ........................................................................... 63 4. 4. 3 Sediment yield ........................................................................................ 64 4. 5 Conclusions ................................................................................................... 66 References ............................................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER 5: SWAT modeling – an integrated approach for the identification of critical diffuse pollution sources in the Kolleru Lake catchment, India 5. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 75 5. 2 Study area ...................................................................................................... 77 5. 3 Significance of the study ................................................................................ 78 5. 4 Materials and Methods ................................................................................... 79 5. 4. 1 SWAT model setup ................................................................................. 79 5. 4. 2 Workflow to Action Plan .......................................................................... 81 5. 4. 3 BMPs setups and stakeholders engagements ........................................ 81 5. 5 Results and discussion .................................................................................. 82 5. 5. 1 Sub-basin level BMPs ............................................................................. 82 5. 5. 2 Determination of HRU level BMPs .......................................................... 84 5. 5. 3 Temporal characteristics of diffuse pollutants ......................................... 85 5. 5. 4 Suggestions for pollution mitigation measures ........................................ 87 V 5. 5. 5 Limitations ............................................................................................... 88 5. 5. 6 Summary ................................................................................................ 89 References ............................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER 6: Mapping of Potential Groundwater Recharge Zones in the Kolleru Lake catchment, India, by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques 6. 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 96 6. 2 Study area ...................................................................................................... 97 6. 3 Database and methods .................................................................................. 98 6. 4 Results and discussions ............................................................................... 101 6. 4. 1 Landuse map ........................................................................................ 102 6. 4. 2 Soil map ................................................................................................ 102 6. 4. 3 Geomorphology ...................................................................................