Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 DISCLAIMER The IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services is composed of 1) a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), approved by the IPBES Plenary at its 7th session in May 2019 in Paris, France (IPBES-7); and 2) a set of six Chapters, accepted by the IPBES Plenary. This document contains the draft Chapter 6 of the IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Governments and all observers at IPBES-7 had access to these draft chapters eight weeks prior to IPBES-7. Governments accepted the Chapters at IPBES-7 based on the understanding that revisions made to the SPM during the Plenary, as a result of the dialogue between Governments and scientists, would be reflected in the final Chapters. IPBES typically releases its Chapters publicly only in their final form, which implies a delay of several months post Plenary. However, in light of the high interest for the Chapters, IPBES is releasing the six Chapters early (31 May 2019) in a draft form. Authors of the reports are currently working to reflect all the changes made to the Summary for Policymakers during the Plenary to the Chapters, and to perform final copyediting. The final version of the Chapters will be posted later in 2019. The designations employed and the presentation of material on the maps used in the present report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. These maps have been prepared for the sole purpose of facilitating the assessment of the broad biogeographical areas represented therein. 1 Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 IPBES Global Assessment on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Chapter 6. Options for Decision Makers Coordinating Lead Authors: Jona Razzaque (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Ingrid Visseren-Hamakers (Netherlands/United States of America) Lead Authors: Ambika Prasad Gautam (Nepal), Leah Gerber (United States of America), Mine Islar (Turkey, Sweden), Md Saiful Karim (Bangladesh, Australia), Eszter Kelemen (Hungary), Jinlong Liu (China), Gabriel Lui (Brazil), Pamela McElwee (United States of America), Abrar Mohammed (Ethiopia), Eric Mungatana (Kenya), Roldan Muradian (Netherlands), Graciela M. Rusch (Argentina), Esther Turnhout (Netherlands), Meryl Williams (Australia) Fellows: Ivis Chan (Belize), Alvaro Fernandez-Llamazares (Spain/Finland), Michelle Lim (Malaysia/ISSC) Contributing Authors: Saleem Ali (Australia), Susan Baker (Australia), Andrew Balmford (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), David N. Barton (Norway), Rupert Baumgartner (Australia), Timothy Baynes (Australia), Abigail Bennett (United States of America), Brent Bleys (Belgium), P.M. van Bodegom (Netherlands), Sara Brogaard (Sweden), Mireille Chiroleu Assouline (France), Jennifer Clapp (Canada), Neil Craik (Canada), Maylis Desrousseaux (France), Rui Ferrero dos Santos (Portugal), Doris Fuchs (Germany), Toby Gardner (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Alexandros Gasparatos (Japan), Ariane Goetz (Germany), Jeroen B. Guinée (Netherlands), David Hall (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Duncan Halley (Norway), Michael Howard (Germany), Caroline Howe (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Cynthia Isenhour (United States of America), Tim Jackson (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Katia Karousakis (OECD), John Knox (United States of America), Berit Köhler (Norway), Janne S. Kotiaho (Finland), William F. Laurance (Australia), Elodie Le Gal (United States of America), Jin Leshan (China), Nengye Liu (Australia), Emanuele Lobina (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Derk Loorbach (Netherlands), Martine Maron (Australia), Peter May (Brazil), Timon McPhearson (United States of America), Marieke Meesters (Netherlands), E. Migoni Alejandre (Netherlands), Daniel Miller (United States of America), Angus Morrison- Saunders (Australia), Lila Nath Sharma (Norway), Barbara Norman (Australia), Ingeborg Palm Helland (Norway), Fabien Quétier (France), Jake Rice (Canada), Irene Ring (Germany), Denis Ruysschaert (Belgium/France), Andrea Schapper (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Ronald Steenblik (OECD), William J. Sutherland (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Jacqueline Tao (Singapore), James Watson (Australia), Dara Zaleski (United States of America) Chapter Scientists: Joachim Spangenberg (Germany), Dara Zaleski (United States of America) Review Editors: Julia Carabias (Mexico), Jan Plesník (Czech Republic) 2 Unedited draft chapters 31 May 2019 Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 5 6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 19 6.2 Towards transformative governance ................................................................................................... 21 6.2.1 Integrative governance: addressing policy incoherence................................................................ 23 6.2.2 Informed governance: based on legitimate and credible knowledge ............................................ 24 6.2.3 Adaptive governance to enable learning ....................................................................................... 26 6.2.4 Inclusive governance: ensuring equity and participation .............................................................. 27 6.2.4.1 Value Systems ..................................................................................................................... 28 6.2.4.2 Rights-based approaches ..................................................................................................... 29 6.2.4.3 Gender ................................................................................................................................. 29 6.2.4.4 IPLC and ILK ...................................................................................................................... 30 6.3 Transformative change in and across issues, goals and sectors........................................................... 33 6.3.1 Introduction................................................................................................................................... 33 6.3.2 Integrated Approaches for Sustainable Landscapes ...................................................................... 35 6.3.2.1 Feeding the world without consuming the planet ................................................................ 41 6.3.2.2 Sustainably managing multifunctional forests .................................................................... 52 6.3.2.3 Protecting nature within and outside of protected areas ...................................................... 57 6.3.2.4 Expanding ecosystem restoration projects and policies ...................................................... 65 6.3.2.5 Improving financing for conservation and sustainable development .................................. 67 6.3.3 Integrated Approaches for Sustainable Marine and Coastal Governance ..................................... 69 6.3.3.1 Global Marine and Coastal .................................................................................................. 73 6.3.3.2 International waters: High Seas (ABNJ) and regional waters ............................................. 76 6.3.3.3 Coastal Waters .................................................................................................................... 81 6.3.4 Integrated Approaches for Sustainable Freshwater ....................................................................... 90 6.3.4.1 Improving water quality ...................................................................................................... 94 6.3.4.2 Managing water scarcity ..................................................................................................... 97 6.3.4.3 Engaging stakeholders ......................................................................................................... 98 6.3.4.4 Use of economic instruments .............................................................................................. 99 6.3.4.5 Improving investment and financing ................................................................................. 100 6.3.4.6 Promoting Integrated Water Resource Management ......................................................... 102 6.3.4.7 Encouraging transboundary water management ................................................................ 103 6.3.5 Integrated Approaches for Sustainable Cities ............................................................................. 105 6.3.5.1 Urban planning for sustainability ...................................................................................... 108 6.3.5.2 Nature-based solutions and green infrastructure ............................................................... 109 6.3.5.3 Reducing the impacts of cities ........................................................................................... 111 6.3.5.4 Enhancing access to urban services for good quality of life.............................................