The Syntax of Dutch will be published in at least seven volumes in the Comprehensive Grammar Comprehensive Grammar Resources period 2012-2016 and aims at presenting a synthesis of the currently Resources available syntactic knowledge of Dutch. It is primarily concerned Henk van Riemsdijk & István Kenesei, series editors with language description and not with linguistic theory, and provides support to all researchers interested in matters relating to the syntax of Dutch, including advanced students of language and linguistics. The volume Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases discusses the internal make-up and the distribution of adpositional phrases. Topics that are covered include complementation and modification of adpositional phrases, as well as their predicative, attributive and adverbial uses. A separate chapter is devoted to the formation and the syntactic behavior of pronominal PPs like erop ‘on it’, which also includes a more general Syntax of discussion of the syntax of so-called R-words like er ‘there’. D Syntax of Hans Broekhuis is a researcher at the Meertens Institute in utch Amsterdam. Adpositional Phrases Adpositional and Adpositions The work is agreeably language- and theory-independent while its reliance“ on the solid basement of theoretical and empirical advances in generative linguistics is palpable throughout the pages. The authors DutchAdpositions and manage to harmonize the demands of depth and breadth, and they draw reasonable demarcation lines around the relevant domains they choose to describe. [...] The Syntax of Dutch project [..] has definitely become a Adpositional model for comprehensive grammatical description [...].” Gábor Alberti, University of Pécs, Department of Linguistics, and Judit Farkas, Phrases Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Institute for Linguistics Broekhuis Hans Broekhuis isbn 978 90 8964 601 9 amsterdam university press www.aup.nl AMSTERDAM UNIVErsiTY PRESS Syntax of Dutch Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases Comprehensive Grammar Resources Editors: Henk van Riemsdijk István Kenesei Syntax of Dutch Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases Hans Broekhuis With the cooperation of: Hans Bennis Carole Boster Marcel den Dikken Martin Everaert Liliane Haegeman Evelien Keizer Anneke Neijt Henk van Riemsdijk Georges de Schutter Riet Vos Amsterdam University Press The publication of this book is made possible by grants and financial support from: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Center for Language Studies University of Tilburg Truus und Gerrit van Riemsdijk-Stiftung Meertens Institute (KNAW) This book is published in print and online through the online OAPEN library (www.oapen.org). OAPEN (Open Access Publishing in European Networks) is a collaborative initiative to develop and implement a sustainable Open Access publication model for academic books in the Humanities and Social Sciences. The OAPEN Library aims to improve the visibility and usability of high quality academic research by aggregating peer reviewed Open Access publications from across Europe. Cover design: Studio Jan de Boer, Amsterdam Layout: Hans Broekhuis ISBN 978 90 8964 601 9 e-ISBN 978 90 4852 225 5 (pdf) e-ISBN 978 90 4852 226 2 (ePub) NUR 616 / 624 Creative Commons License CC BY NC (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) Hans Broekhuis/Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2013 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). Contents Abbreviations and symbols vii Preface and acknowledgments ix 1. General introduction ix 2. Main objective ix 3. Intended readership ix 4. Object of description x 5. Organization of the material xv 6. History of the project and future prospects xix 7. Acknowledgments xxi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Adpositions: characteristics and classification 3 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition 5 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases 26 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases 70 1.4. Borderline cases 164 1.5. Bibliographical notes 166 Chapter 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation 167 2.1. Nominal complements 168 2.2. Adpositional complements 172 2.3. Adjectival complements 180 2.4. Clausal complements 181 2.5. Absolute PPs 190 2.6. Bibliographical notes 210 Chapter 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification 211 3.1. Spatial adpositional phrases 212 3.2. Temporal adpositional phrases 244 3.3. Non-spatial/temporal adpositional phrases 247 3.4. Comparative/superlative formation 249 3.5. Some ambiguous constructions 249 3.6. Bibliographical note 252 Chapter 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase 253 4.1. Adpositional phrases used as arguments 254 4.2. Predicative use of adpositional phrases 258 4.3. Attributive use of adpositional phrases 280 4.4. Adverbial use of adpositional phrases 281 4.5. Bibliographical notes 288 Chapter 5 R-pronominalization and R-words 291 5.1. [-HUMAN] restriction on the formation of pronominal PPs 297 5.2. Lexical restrictions on the formation of pronominal PPs 306 5.3. Syntactic restrictions on R-extraction 323 5.4. Idiomatic pronominal PPs 333 5.5. Appendix: The syntax of R-words 334 5.6. Bibliographical notes 362 Glossary 363 Subject Index 377 References 387 Abbreviations and symbols This appendix contains a list of abbreviations and symbols that are used in this volume. Sometimes conventions are adopted that differ from the ones given in this list, but if this is the case this is always explicitly mentioned in the text. °xxx Refers to the XXX in the glossary A+section # A3.2 refers to Section 3.2. in Hans Broekhuis (2013). Grammar of Dutch: Adjectives and adjective phrases. Domain D Domain of discourse N+section # N3.2 refers to Section 3.2. in Hans Broekhuis & Evelien Keizer (2012) and Hans Broekhuis & Marcel den Dikken (2012), Grammar of Dutch: nouns and noun phrases, Vol. 1 & 2. QC Quantificational binominal construction V+section # V3.2 refers to Section 3.2. in Hans Broekhuis & Norbert Corver (in prep). Grammar of Dutch: Verbs and verb phrases. Abbreviations used in both the main text and the examples AP Adjectival Phrase PP Prepositional Phrase DP Determiner Phrase QP Quantifier Phrase NP Noun Phrase* VP Verb Phrase NumP Numeral Phrase *) Noun phrase is written in full when the NP-DP distinction is not relevant. Symbols, abbreviations and conventions used in the examples e Phonetically empty element Ref Referent argument (external °thematic role of nouns/adjectives) Rel Related argument (internal thematic role of relational nouns) OP Empty operator PG Parasitic gap PRO Implied subject in, e.g., infinitival clauses PROarb Implied subject PRO with arbitrary (generic) reference t Trace (the original position of a moved element) XXX Small caps indicates that XXX is assigned contrastive accent Abbreviations used as subscripts in the examples 1p/2p/3p 1st, 2nd, 3rd person nom nominative acc accusative pl plural dat dative poss possessor dim diminutive pred predicate fem feminine rec recipient masc masculine sg singular viii Abbreviations used in the glosses of the examples AFF Affirmative marker COMP Complementizer: dat ‘that’ in finite declarative clauses, of ‘whether/if’ in finite interrogative clauses, and om in infinitival clauses prt. Particle that combines with a particle verb PRT Particle of different kinds REFL The short form of the reflexive pronoun, e.g., zich; the long form zichzelf is usually translated as himself/herself/itself XXX Small caps in other cases indicates that XXX cannot be translated Diacritics used for indicating acceptability judgments * Unacceptable *? Relatively acceptable compared to * ?? Intermediate or unclear status ? Marked: not completely acceptable or disfavored form (?) Slightly marked, but probably acceptable no marking Fully acceptable % Not (fully) acceptable due to non-syntactic factors or varying judgments among speakers # Unacceptable under intended reading $ Special status: old-fashioned, archaic, very formal, incoherent, etc. Other conventions xx/yy Acceptable both with xx and with yy *xx/yy Unacceptable with xx, but acceptable with yy xx/*yy Acceptable with xx, but unacceptable with yy (xx) Acceptable both with and without xx *(xx) Acceptable with, but unacceptable without xx (*xx) Acceptable without, but unacceptable with xx .. <xx> Alternative placement of xx in an example .. <*xx> .. Impossible placement of xx in an example ⇒ Necessarily implies ⇒/ Does not necessarily imply XX ... YY Italics indicate binding XXi ... YYi Coindexing indicates coreference XXi ... YYj Counter-indexing indicates disjoint reference XX*i/j Unacceptable with index i, acceptable with index j XXi/*j Unacceptable with index j, acceptable with index i [XP ... ] Constituent brackets of a constituent XP Preface and acknowledgments 1. General introduction Dutch is an official language in the Netherlands, Belgium-Flanders, Surinam, Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles. With about 22 million native speakers it is one of the world's greater languages. It is taught and studied at more than 175 universities around the world (source: taalunieversum.org). Furthermore, Dutch is one of the most well-studied living languages; research on it has had a major, and still continuing, impact on the development of formal linguistic theory, and it plays an important role in various other types of linguistic research. It is therefore unfortunate