The Caldwell Catalogue Contents 1 Overview 1 1.1 Caldwell catalogue ........................................... 1 1.1.1 Caldwell Star Chart ...................................... 1 1.1.2 Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue. .................... 1 1.1.3 Caldwell objects ....................................... 1 1.1.4 See also ............................................ 2 1.1.5 References .......................................... 2 1.1.6 External links ......................................... 2 1.2 Patrick Moore ............................................. 2 1.2.1 Early life ........................................... 2 1.2.2 Career in astronomy ...................................... 3 1.2.3 Activism and political beliefs ................................. 5 1.2.4 Other interests and popular culture .............................. 5 1.2.5 Honours and appointments .................................. 6 1.2.6 Bibliography ......................................... 7 1.2.7 Film and television appearances ................................ 7 1.2.8 See also ............................................ 7 1.2.9 References .......................................... 7 1.2.10 External links ......................................... 9 2 Objects 10 2.1 Caldwell 1 ............................................... 10 2.1.1 References .......................................... 10 2.1.2 External links ......................................... 10 2.2 Caldwell 2 ............................................... 10 2.2.1 Gallery ............................................ 10 2.2.2 References .......................................... 10 2.2.3 External links ......................................... 10 2.3 Caldwell 3 ............................................... 11 2.3.1 Galaxy group information ................................... 11 2.3.2 See also ............................................ 11 2.3.3 References .......................................... 11 2.3.4 External links ......................................... 11 i ii CONTENTS 2.4 Caldwell 4 ............................................... 11 2.4.1 Notes ............................................. 11 2.4.2 References .......................................... 11 2.4.3 External links ......................................... 11 2.5 Caldwell 5 ............................................... 12 2.5.1 References .......................................... 12 2.5.2 External links ......................................... 12 2.6 Caldwell 6 ............................................... 12 2.6.1 General information ...................................... 12 2.6.2 Observations ......................................... 13 2.6.3 Distance ............................................ 14 2.6.4 Age .............................................. 14 2.6.5 Composition ......................................... 14 2.6.6 Kinematics and morphology ................................. 14 2.6.7 Notes ............................................. 15 2.6.8 References .......................................... 15 2.6.9 Cited sources ......................................... 15 2.6.10 External links ......................................... 16 2.7 Caldwell 7 ............................................... 16 2.7.1 Supernovae .......................................... 16 2.7.2 History ............................................ 17 2.7.3 See also ............................................ 17 2.7.4 References .......................................... 17 2.7.5 External links ......................................... 17 2.8 Caldwell 8 ............................................... 17 2.8.1 References .......................................... 17 2.8.2 External links ......................................... 17 2.9 Caldwell 9 ............................................... 17 2.9.1 References .......................................... 18 2.9.2 External links ......................................... 18 2.10 Caldwell 10 .............................................. 18 2.10.1 References .......................................... 18 2.10.2 External links ......................................... 18 2.11 Caldwell 11 .............................................. 19 2.11.1 Amateur observation ..................................... 19 2.11.2 Notes ............................................. 19 2.11.3 References .......................................... 19 2.11.4 External links ......................................... 19 2.12 Caldwell 12 .............................................. 19 2.12.1 Supernovae .......................................... 20 2.12.2 References .......................................... 20 CONTENTS iii 2.12.3 External links ......................................... 20 2.13 Caldwell 13 .............................................. 20 2.13.1 References .......................................... 20 2.13.2 External links ......................................... 20 2.14 Caldwell 14 .............................................. 20 2.14.1 Mythology .......................................... 20 2.14.2 History ............................................ 21 2.14.3 Location ............................................ 21 2.14.4 References .......................................... 21 2.14.5 External links ......................................... 21 2.15 Caldwell 15 .............................................. 21 2.15.1 See also ............................................ 22 2.15.2 References .......................................... 22 2.15.3 External links ......................................... 22 2.16 Caldwell 16 .............................................. 22 2.16.1 Notes ............................................. 22 2.16.2 References .......................................... 22 2.16.3 External links ......................................... 22 2.17 Caldwell 17 .............................................. 22 2.17.1 Characteristics ........................................ 23 2.17.2 Distance measurements .................................... 23 2.17.3 See also ............................................ 23 2.17.4 Notes ............................................. 23 2.17.5 References .......................................... 23 2.17.6 External links ......................................... 23 2.18 Caldwell 18 .............................................. 23 2.18.1 Distance measurements .................................... 24 2.18.2 Star formation ......................................... 24 2.18.3 Gallery ............................................ 24 2.18.4 See also ............................................ 24 2.18.5 Notes ............................................. 24 2.18.6 References .......................................... 24 2.18.7 External links ......................................... 24 2.19 Caldwell 19 .............................................. 24 2.19.1 References .......................................... 25 2.19.2 External links ......................................... 25 2.20 Caldwell 20 .............................................. 25 2.20.1 General information ...................................... 25 2.20.2 See also ............................................ 26 2.20.3 References .......................................... 26 2.20.4 External links ......................................... 26 iv CONTENTS 2.21 Caldwell 21 .............................................. 26 2.21.1 Characteristics ........................................ 26 2.21.2 External links ......................................... 26 2.21.3 References .......................................... 27 2.22 Caldwell 22 .............................................. 27 2.22.1 Image gallery ......................................... 27 2.22.2 See also ............................................ 27 2.22.3 References .......................................... 27 2.22.4 External links ......................................... 28 2.23 Caldwell 23 .............................................. 28 2.23.1 Peculiarities .......................................... 28 2.23.2 Trivia ............................................. 28 2.23.3 In popular culture ....................................... 29 2.23.4 See also ............................................ 29 2.23.5 References .......................................... 29 2.23.6 External links ......................................... 29 2.24 Caldwell 24 .............................................. 29 2.24.1 Dynamics ........................................... 29 2.24.2 Gallery ............................................ 30 2.24.3 References .......................................... 30 2.24.4 External links ......................................... 31 2.25 Caldwell 25 .............................................. 31 2.25.1 References .......................................... 31 2.25.2 External links ......................................... 32 2.26 Caldwell 26 .............................................. 32 2.26.1 Gallery ............................................ 32 2.26.2 Notes ............................................. 32 2.26.3 References .......................................... 32 2.26.4 External links ......................................... 32 2.27 Caldwell 27 .............................................. 32 2.27.1 See also ............................................ 33 2.27.2 References .......................................... 33 2.27.3 External links ......................................... 33 2.28 Caldwell