Copyright © 2018 Stephen George Lewis All rights reserved. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary has permission to reproduce and disseminate this document in any form by any means for purposes chosen by the Seminary, including, without limitation, preservation or instruction. DIVORCE, BANKING, AND WAR IN ISLAM: EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY AND COVERAGE OF COMMON WORLD RELIGION RESEARCH TOOLS __________________ A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary __________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy __________________ by Stephen George Lewis December 2018 APPROVAL SHEET DIVORCE, BANKING, AND WAR IN ISLAM: EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY AND COVERAGE OF COMMON WORLD RELIGION RESEARCH TOOLS Stephen George Lewis Read and Approved by: ___________________________________________ George H. Martin (Chair) ___________________________________________ Mark T. Coppenger ___________________________________________ Ayman S. Ibrahim Date______________________________ For the glory of God TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES................................................................................. vii PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 Statement of the Problem ....................................................................................1 Background .........................................................................................................4 Limitations and Delimitations ...........................................................................10 Methodology .....................................................................................................13 2. ADAPTING, EXPANDING, AND EMPLOYING BROPHY’S METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................18 Brophy’s Methodology .....................................................................................18 Expanding and Adapting Brophy’s Methodology ............................................28 Conclusion ........................................................................................................34 3. A SURVEY OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES RELATED TO ISLAMIC ETHICS: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN DIVORCE, MUDARABA BANKING, AND JUST WAR ......................................................36 The Rights of Women in Divorce .....................................................................38 Mudaraba Banking ...........................................................................................44 Just War .............................................................................................................49 Conclusion ........................................................................................................56 4. A LITERATURE SURVEY OF ISLAMIC ETHICS: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN DIVORCE, MUDARABA BANKING, AND JUST WAR .............58 Important Issues Concerning the Rights of Women in Divorce .......................59 Mudaraba Banking within Islamic Finance ......................................................80 iv Chapter Page Major Questions Concerning Just War in Islam ...............................................98 Summary of Key Elements According to the Literature Survey ....................112 Conclusion ......................................................................................................114 5. FIRST-LEVEL COMPARISON OF GOOGLE AND JSTOR RESULTS ........116 Relevance ........................................................................................................118 Quality .............................................................................................................123 Findings of the First-Level Comparison .........................................................128 Conclusion ......................................................................................................131 6. SECOND-LEVEL COMPARISON OF GOOGLE AND JSTOR RESULTS ...133 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant Google Results for the Rights of Women in Marriage .....................................................134 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant JSTOR Results for the Rights of Women in Marriage .....................................................142 A Comparison of the Contents of the Search Results for the Rights of Women in Divorce ..................................................................................146 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant Google Results Regarding Mudaraba Banking ...............................................................158 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant JSTOR Results Regarding Mudaraba Banking ...............................................................167 A Comparison of the Contents of the Search Results Regarding Mudaraba Banking .................................................................................175 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant Google Results Regarding Just War .................................................................................183 The Contents of the Relevant and Partially Relevant JSTOR Results Regarding Just War .................................................................................191 A Comparison of the Contents of the Search Results Regarding Just War ..................................................................................................200 Combined Comparison of the Contents of Google and JSTOR Search Results .....................................................................................................209 v Chapter Page 7. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................211 Review of Current Study .................................................................................211 The Significance of the Current Study ............................................................214 Further Study ...................................................................................................215 Appendix 1. GOOGLE SEARCH RESULTS .........................................................................217 2. JSTOR SEARCH RESULTS .............................................................................227 3. RELEVANCE RESULTS ..................................................................................236 4. QUALITY RESULTS ........................................................................................246 5. A COMPARISON OF ENGLISH AND ARABIC SEARCH RESULTS .........251 The Searches ...................................................................................................251 Conclusion ......................................................................................................255 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................... 256 vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table Page A1. Google searches. ...............................................................................................217 A2. JSTOR searches ................................................................................................227 A3. Relevance results ..............................................................................................236 A4. Quality results ...................................................................................................246 Figure 1. Precision of Google and JSTOR results for divorce, banking, and war ..............122 2. Precision of combined results for Google and JSTOR ........................................123 3. Quality of Google and JSTOR results for divorce, banking, and war .................127 4. Quality of combined results for Google and JSTOR ...........................................128 5. Percent of the content of search results as adequate and basic ............................209 6. Percent of Google and JSTOR contents as adequate or basic .............................210 vii PREFACE I set out on this journey because I loved people who were different from me, people who lived in different parts of the world, people who grew up worshipping at a temple, mosque, synagogue, gurdwara, or elsewhere. I am happy to say my heart still longs for these people. I love learning about their cultures, eating their foods, and hearing their stories. I long for them to know the one true God. My heart’s desire is for people to have a relationship with the God who loved us so much his sent his son to rescue us. No one has played a larger role in the completion of this project than my wife, Jaclyn (Proverbs 18:22). Our children, Sofia and Hudson, also played significant roles, sometimes lovingly and at other times begrudgingly. My dad read many drafts of seminar papers, my prospectus, and this dissertation. I can never repay the feedback, support, and encouragement he provided on this journey. My mom, father-in-law, and mother-in-law also provided much needed encouragement, each in his or her own way. Many others supported me along the way, including Mike, Justin, Philip, Chris, Bart, Elizabeth, Ben, Phil, Brian, Luke, Nick, and Kelly (Proverbs 13:20). I would like to say a special thanks to my supervisor, Dr. George Martin, who made the World Religions