FI:DP/LAO/97/007 STS - Field Document No. 5 PROVINCIAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT LAO PDR SUPPORT FOR TECHNICAL SERVICES Guidelines for Broodstock and Hatchery Management Based on the work of Francois Demoulin FAO Broodstock Management Consultant 5 January - 6 February 1999 THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Bangkok 1999 GUIDELINES FOR BROODSTOCK AND HATCHERY MANAGEMENT by Francois Demoulin CREDITS Figure 10 is from FAO technical paper ”The transport of live fish – A review” by R. Berka. EIFAC Technical Paper N° 48. FAO, Rome. 1986. Drawing of Annex 4 is from FAO Manual “Simple methods for aquaculture –Management for freshwater fish culture – Ponds and water practices”, by A. Coche, J.F. Muir & T. Laughlin. FAO Training series 21/1, Rome. 1996. All other drawings are adapted from “Fish culture in Integrated Fish Farming – Part 1, General aspects, Part 2, Rearing Herbivorous fish, Part 5, Managing fish component in the farm”, by Integrated Fish Farming Project. Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Co-operatives – Belgian Administration for Development Co-operation. Mukdahan, Thailand. 1998. TABLE OF CONTENTS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. ........................................................................................................ I LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND CHARTS ...................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. V 1. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN SPECIES ........................................................... 1 1.1 SIZE AT MATURITY ........................................................................................................1 1.2 METHOD OF REPRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 1.3 HABITAT AND FEEDING BEHAVIOUR................................................................................2 1.4 TOLERANCE OF ADVERSE CONDITIONS...........................................................................3 2. BROODSTOCK PONDS ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................................................5 2.2 LAYOUT OF PONDS .......................................................................................................5 3. STOCKING BROODSTOCK ........................................................................................... 6 3.1 RATE ...........................................................................................................................6 3.2 SEPARATION OF SEXES.................................................................................................6 3.3 SEPARATION OF SPECIES..............................................................................................7 3.4 NUMBER OF SPECIES ....................................................................................................8 4. MAINTAINING BROODSTOCK ...................................................................................... 9 4.1 KNOWING WATER CHARACTERISTICS .............................................................................9 4.2 PREPARING THE POND ..................................................................................................9 4.2.1 LIMING ...................................................................................................................9 4.2.2 MANURING ...........................................................................................................10 4.2.3 USING CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS ...............................................................................10 4.2.4 FILLING WITH WATER.............................................................................................11 4.3 FERTILIZING AND FEEDING ..........................................................................................12 4.3.1 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................12 4.3.2 FERTILIZATION ......................................................................................................12 4.3.3 FEEDING ..............................................................................................................15 I 4.4 MAKING FEEDING EFFICIENT........................................................................................16 4.5 TAKING CARE OF THE FISH ..........................................................................................18 4.6 TAKING CARE OF THE PONDS.......................................................................................18 5. CARE DURING THE SPAWNING PHASE .................................................................... 19 5.1 BEFORE SPAWNING ....................................................................................................19 5.2 SPAWNING .................................................................................................................19 5.3 CARE AFTER SPAWNING ..............................................................................................19 6. PREPARING FUTURE BROODSTOCK........................................................................ 20 7. TRANSPORTATION ..................................................................................................... 21 7.1 A FEW BASICS............................................................................................................21 7.2 ON LONG DISTANCES..................................................................................................21 7.2.1 CONDITIONING ......................................................................................................21 7.2.2 ANAESTHETIZING ..................................................................................................21 7.2.3 TRANSPORTATION.................................................................................................21 7.2.4 RELEASE AT DESTINATION .....................................................................................23 7.2.5 BEST PERIOD FOR TRANSPORTATION......................................................................23 7.3 TRANSPORT AROUND THE FARM ..................................................................................23 8. PLANNING YEARLY AND MEDIUM-TERM ORGANIZATION ...................................... 24 8.1 MARKET REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................25 8.2 CONSTRAINTS ............................................................................................................25 8.2.1 WATER AVAILABILITY.............................................................................................25 8.2.2 POND AREA ..........................................................................................................26 8.2.3 HATCHERY CAPACITY ............................................................................................26 8.2.4 TECHNICAL...........................................................................................................26 8.2.5 MANAGERIAL / PERSONNEL....................................................................................26 8.2.6 FINANCIAL MEANS FOR OPERATION.........................................................................26 8.3 CASE STUDY ..............................................................................................................26 8.4 OPERATIONAL PLAN FOR THE YEAR ............................................................................33 8.4.1 ACTIVITIES...................................................................................................................33 8.4.2 OPERATIONAL COSTS ...................................................................................................39 8.4.3 EXPECTED PRODUCTION AND INCOME............................................................................40 8.4.4 PROFIT AND REINVESTMENT..........................................................................................40 8.4 MEDIUM-TERM PLAN ....................................................................................................45 9 ANNEXES ........................................................................................................................ 47 9.1 USE OF DERRIS ROOT FOR KILLING UNWANTED FISH IN POND ............................................48 9.2 USE OF ALUM FOR CLEARING WATER ...............................................................................49 9.3 ASSOCIATION WITH LIVESTOCK FOR POND FERTILIZATION..................................................50 9.4 ANAESTHETIZING BROODFISH FOR TRANSPORT.................................................................52 9.5 EXAMPLES OF OXYGENATION DEVICES .............................................................................53 II III LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND CHARTS FIGURE 1: 1 KG OF YOUNG FEMALES GIVES FEWER EGGS THAN 1 KG OF MATURE ONES...............2 FIGURE 2: SPENT BROODSTOCK MUST BE SENT TO A RESTING POND AFTER REPRODUCTION. .......7 TABLE 1: EFFECTS OF LIMING ON POND BOTTOM AND POND WATER. .........................................10 TABLE 2: AMOUNT OF MANURE OR COMPOST/RAI FOR FIRST POND PREPARATION ACCORDING TO THE KIND OF MANURE. ...........................................................................................................11 FIGURE 3: MIXING UREA WITH WATER BEFORE