MACRO TO NANO SPECTROSCOPY Edited by Jamal Uddin Macro to Nano Spectroscopy Edited by Jamal Uddin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Marina Jozipovic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Macro to Nano Spectroscopy, Edited by Jamal Uddin p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0664-7 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1 Chapter 1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications in Medicine 3 José Manuel González-López, Elena María González-Romarís, Isabel Idoate-Cervantes and Jesús Fernando Escanero Chapter 2 Analysis of Environmental Pollutants by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 25 Cynthia Ibeto, Chukwuma Okoye, Akuzuo Ofoefule and Eunice Uzodinma Chapter 3 Estimation of the Velocity of the Salivary Film at the Different Regions in the Mouth – Measurement of Potassium Chloride in the Agar Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry 51 Shigeru Watanabe Chapter 4 An Assay for Determination of Hepatic Zinc by AAS – Comparison of Fresh and Deparaffinized Tissue 71 Raquel Borges Pinto, Pedro Eduardo Fröehlich, Ana Cláudia Reis Schneider, André Castagna Wortmann, Tiago Muller Weber and Themis Reverbel da Silveira Section 2 UV-VIS Spectroscopy 79 Chapter 5 Synthesis and Characterization of CdSe Quantum Dots by UV-Vis Spectroscopy 81 Petero Kwizera, Alleyne Angela, Moses Wekesa, Md. Jamal Uddin and M. Mobin Shaikh Chapter 6 The Use of Spectrophotometry UV-Vis for the Study of Porphyrins 87 Rita Giovannetti VI Contents Chapter 7 Spectrophotometric Methods as Solutions to Pharmaceutical Analysis of β-Lactam Antibiotics 109 Judyta Cielecka-Piontek, Przemysław Zalewski, Anna Krause and Marek Milewski Chapter 8 Identification, Quantitative Determination, and Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenols of Some Malian Medicinal Plant Parts Used in Folk Medicine 131 Donatien Kone, Babakar Diop, Drissa Diallo, Abdelouaheb Djilani and Amadou Dicko Section 3 FT-IR Spectroscopy 143 Chapter 9 Organic Compounds FT-IR Spectroscopy 145 Adina Elena Segneanu, Ioan Gozescu, Anamaria Dabici, Paula Sfirloaga and Zoltan Szabadai Chapter 10 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Biomedical Polymer Materials 165 Zhang Li, Wang Minzhu, Zhen Jian and Zhou Jun Section 4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 181 Chapter 11 Laser Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Application in Determining the Individual Photophysical Parameters of Proteins 183 Alexander A. Banishev Chapter 12 Current Achievement and Future Potential of Fluorescence Spectroscopy 209 Nathir A. F. Al-Rawashdeh Section 5 Other Spectroscopy 251 Chapter 13 Basic Principles and Analytical Application of Derivative Spectrophotometry 253 Joanna Karpinska Chapter 14 Spectrophotometry as a Tool for Dosage Sugars in Nectar of Crops Pollinated by Honeybees 269 Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo, Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki, Arildo José Braz de Oliveira, Emerson Dechechi Chambó and Sheila Mara Sanches Lopes Chapter 15 Multivariate Data Processing in Spectrophotometric Analysis of Complex Chemical Systems 291 Zoltan Szabadai, Vicenţiu Vlaia, Ioan Ţăranu, Bogdan-Ovidiu Ţăranu, Lavinia Vlaia and Iuliana Popa Contents VII Chapter 16 Optical and Resonant Non-Linear Optical Properties of J-Aggregates of Pseudoisocyanine Derivatives in Thin Solid Films 317 Vladimir V. Shelkovnikov and Alexander I. Plekhanov Chapter 17 A Comparative Study of Analytical Methods for Determination of Polyphenols in Wine by HPLC/UV-Vis, Spectrophotometry and Chemiluminometry 357 Vesna Weingerl Chapter 18 A Review of Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods and Sample Preparation Procedures for Determination of Iodine in Miscellaneous Matrices 371 Anna Błażewicz Chapter 19 Quality Control of Herbal Medicines with Spectrophotometry and Chemometric Techniques – Application to Baccharis L. Species Belonging to Sect – Caulopterae DC. (Asteraceae) 399 María Victoria Rodriguez, María Laura Martínez, Adriana Cortadi, María Noel Campagna, Osvaldo Di Sapio, Marcos Derita, Susana Zacchino and Martha Gattuso Chapter 20 Flow-Injection Spectrophotometric Analysis of Iron (II), Iron (III) and Total Iron 421 Ibrahim Isildak Preface The book “ Macro to Nano Spectroscopy” has been written to fulfill a need for an up- to-date text on spectroscopy. It has vast of applications, including study of Macro to Nanomaterial, remote sensing in terrestrial and planetary atmospheres, fundamental laboratory spectroscopic studies, industrial process monitoring, and pollution regulatory studies. The importance of spectroscopy in the physical and chemical processes going on in planets, stars, comets and the interstellar medium has continued to grow as a result of the use of satellites and the building of radio telescopes for the microwave and millimeter wave regions. This book has wide variety of topics in spectroscopy including spectrophotometric apparatus and techniques. Topics covered absorption, emissions, scattering, causes of non-linearity, monochromators, detectors, photocells, photomultipliers, differential spectrophotometry, spectrophotometric titration, single beam, dual and multi wave length spectrophotometry, and diode array spectrophotometers. The emphasis of this book serve both theorist and experimentalist. The authors present the models and concepts needed by theorists to understand the spectroscopic language spoken by molecules as translated by experimentalists and the tools and terminology needed by experimentalists to communicate with both molecules and theorists. We (INTECH Publisher and Editor) owe our gratitude to the experts who gave much of their time and expertise in determining the scientific merit of the articles submitted to this special book. Coppin State University professors Dr. Moses Wekesa, Dr. Hany F. Sobhi and Dr. Mintesnot Jiru helped greatly with the review of some chapters of this book and I would like to thank them very much for their critical work. Jamal Uddin Associate Professor of Natural Sciences Director of Nanotech Center Coppin State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Section 1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications in Medicine José Manuel González-López1, Elena María González-Romarís2, Isabel Idoate-Cervantes3 and Jesús Fernando Escanero4 1Miguel Servet University Hospital, Clinical Biochemistry Service, Zaragoza 2Galician Health Service, Clinical Laboratory, Santiago de Compostela 3Navarra Hospital Complex, Clinical Laboratory, Pamplona 4University of Zaragoza, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Zaragoza Spain 1. Introduction Spectroscopy measures and interprets phenomena of absorption, dispersion or emission of electromagnetic radiation that occur in atoms, molecules and other chemical species. Absorption or emission is related to the energy state changes of the interacting chemical species which characterise them, which is why spectroscopy may be used in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The application of spectroscopy to chemical analysis means considering electromagnetic radiation as being made up of discrete particles or quanta called photons which move at the speed of light. The energy of the photon is related to the wavelength and the frequency by Plank’s constant (h = 6.62 x 10-34 J second) and the speed of light in a vacuum (c = 3 x 108 m/s) according to the following equation (Skoog et al., 2001): E = hν = hc/ λ The interaction of radiation with matter is produced throughout the electromagnetic spectrum which ranges from cosmic rays with wavelengths of 10-9 nm to radio waves with lengths over 1000 Km. Between both extremes, and from the shortest upwards, can be found the following: gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays (far, mid and near), the visible portion of the spectrum, infrared rays and radio microwaves. All radiations are of the same nature and travel at the speed of light, being differentiated by the frequency, wavelength and the effects they produce on matter (Skoog et al., 2008). The Bouguer-Lambert-Beer Law