Sound of Music How It Works Session 5 Musical Instruments OLLI at Illinois Hurrian Hymn from Ancient Mesopotamian Spring 2020 Musical Fragment c. 1440 BCE D. H. Tracy Sound of Music How It Works Session 5 Musical Instruments OLLI at Illinois Shadow of the Ziggurat Assyrian Hammered Lyre Spring 2020 (Replica) D. H. Tracy Sound of Music How It Works Session 5 Musical Instruments OLLI at Illinois Hymn to Horus Replica Ancient Lyre Spring 2020 Based on Trad. Eqyptian Folk Melody D. H. Tracy Sound of Music How It Works Session 5 Musical Instruments OLLI at Illinois Roman Banquet Replica Kithara Spring 2020 Orig Composition in Hypophrygian Mode D. H. Tracy Sound of Music How It Works Session 5 Musical Instruments OLLI at Illinois Spring 2020 D. H. Tracy If You Missed a Session…. • PDF’s of previous presentations – Also other handout materials are on the OLLI Course website: http://olli.illinois.edu/downloads/courses/ The Sound of Music Syllabus.pdf References for Sound of Music OLLI Course Spring 2020.pdf Smartphone Apps for Sound of Music.pdf Musical Scale Cheat Sheet.pdf OLLI Musical Scale Slider Tool.pdf SoundOfMusic_1 handout.pdf SoM_2_handout.pdf SoM_3 handout.pdf SoM_4 handout.pdf 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 6 Course Outline 1. Building Blocks: Some basic concepts 2. Resonance: Building Sounds 3. Hearing and the Ear 4. Musical Scales 5. Musical Instruments 6. Singing and Musical Notation 7. Harmony and Dissonance; Chords 8. Combining the Elements of Music 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 7 Chicago Symphony Orchestra (2015) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 8 Basic Role of Musical Instruments is: • Rendering Musical Notes or Rhythmic Beats ➢ With pleasing Timbres ➢ Loudly enough to be heard Chicago Symphony Orchestra (2015) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 9 We have a few to get through… 2/25/20 Pop Chart Lab Sound of Music 5 10 How Much Is Known About Musical Instruments? • Not that much • Good general understanding – Lots of interesting details • but not enough to design one from scratch – Lots of poorly understood aspects • Existing instruments basically evolved over centuries – largely by trial and error – but often with informed insight 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 11 Classifying Musical Instruments • Traditionally Chinese “8 Winds” Classification (~ Han Dynasty) gourd – Strings wood bamboo – Brasses – Woodwinds silk metal – Percussion leather stone clay 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 12 Hornbostel-Sachs Classification System The Dewey Decimal System of Musical Instruments Erich von Hornbostel Curt Sachs (1877-1935) (1881-1959) Idiophones Membranophones Chordophones Aerophones Electrophones 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 13 Hornbostel-Sachs: Family Tree of the African Thomo 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 14 www.MIMO-International.com 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 15 My Scheme • 1 Dimensional Resonators – Strings – Pipes • 2 Dimensional Resonators – Drums – Parts of some string instruments (e.g. guitars, pianos) • 3 Dimensional Resonators – Bars (e.g. xylophones) – Bells 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 16 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 17 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre Emmanuel Pahud on Flute Eric Marienthal on Sax Syrinx (Debussy) Body and Soul (Johnny Green) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 18 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range Bell at Pfarrkirche St. Georg, Obermais Cory Hall on Piano (718 Hz, between F5 and F#5) Glissando Technique 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 19 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability Sharon Kam-Basset on Clarinet Richard Elliott on Salt Lake Tabernacle Pipe Organ Clarinet Concerto (Mozart) Bach Toccata in D Minor 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 20 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness Gudrun Hinze on Piccolo Alison Balsom on Trumpet “TWEET” (Daniel Dorff) Trumpet Concerto in E flat Major (Hummel) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 21 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness Joyce Lindorff on Harpsichord Harry Völker on Piano Wassermusik (Händel) Wassermusik (Händel) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 22 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness Paul Barton on Piano Joyce Lindorff on Harpsichord Harry Völker on Piano Claire de Lune (Debussy) Wassermusik (Händel) Wassermusik (Händel) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 23 Joyce Lindorff on Harpsichord 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre The Messiah 2. Range Stradivarius Ashmolean Museum 3. Chord Capability Oxford 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 24 Joyce Lindorff on Harpsichord 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability Steve Buscemi as Mr. Pink Octobass Reservoir Dogs (1992) 4. Loudness Museum of Musical 5. Expressiveness Instruments 6. Cost/Availability (Phoenix) 7. Portability 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 26 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre Montreal Symphony 2. Range Orchestra 3. Chord Capability Steve Buscemi as Mr. Pink Octobasse Reservoir Dogs (1992) 4. Loudness Museum of Musical 5. Expressiveness Instruments 6. Cost/Availability (Phoenix) 7. Portability 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 27 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range Chuck on Triangle 3. Chord Capability Pedal Steel Guitar (Double) 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing What could be simpler? 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 28 Octobass 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 29 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 30 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 31 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability Cate Blanchett on Harmonica 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 32 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 11. Cultural Conventions 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 33 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability Bagpipes = 7. Portability Scottish Music 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 11. Cultural Conventions 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 34 Archy12J inReasons music video Nageena to Choose-- Enchantress An of Instrumentthe Deserts (2019) 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability Bagpipes = 7. Portability Scottish Music 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 11. Cultural Conventions 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 35 11 Reasons to Choose An Instrument 1. Timbre 2. Range 3. Chord Capability 4. Loudness 5. Expressiveness 6. Cost/Availability 7. Portability 8. Ease of Playing 9. Stability of Tuning 10. Awesomeness 11. Cultural Conventions 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 37 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 38 Timbre Soprano Sax Trumpet Bassoon Fundamental Clarinet (Bb) 262 Hz (C4) Oboe Cello (G String) Bowed Violin (G String) Plucked Bowed Tuba Violin (G String) 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 Plucked 39 Timbre : Even for one instrument Timbre can vary Cello C4 (262 Hz) Played on C2 G2 D3 A3 Different Strings StringStringStringString 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 40 What’s going on here? 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 41 3000 Hz Piano C4 262 Hz 10 9 Spectrogram 8 7 → 6 5 4 Frequency Frequency 3 Visualizing a note 2 to understand Timbre 262 Time → 0 Hz Waveform 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 42 3000 Hz Piano C4 262 Hz 10 9 Spectrogram 8 Frequency Sound 7 Spectrum → Intensity 6 10x 5 4 Frequency Frequency 3 2 262 Frequency → Time → 0 Hz Waveform Visualizing a note to understand Timbre 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 43 3000 Hz Piano C4 262 Hz 10 Transient 9 Spectrogram 8 Frequency Sound 7 Spectrum → Intensity 6 10x 5 4 Frequency Frequency 3 2 262 Frequency → Time → 0 Hz Waveform Visualizing a note to understand Timbre: The Attack 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 45 3000 Hz Piano C4 262 Hz 10 9 Spectrogram 8 7 → 6 5 4 Frequency Frequency Visualizing a note 3 to understand Timbre: 2 The Attack removed 262 Time → 0 Hz Waveform 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 46 3000 Hz Bassoon C4 262 Hz 10 9 Vibrato 8 7 → 6 5 4 Frequency Frequency Visualizing a note 3 to understand Timbre: 2 Steady Tone 1 262 Time → 0 Hz Waveform 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 47 3000 Hz Alto Flute C4 262 Hz 10 9 8 Vibrato: f 7 → 6 5 4 Frequency Frequency Visualizing a note 3 to understand Timbre: 2 1 Vibrato and Tremolo 262 Time → 0 Hz Waveform Tremolo: Loudness 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 48 5000 Hz Alto Flute G4 392 Hz 11 10 9 Vibrato 8 → 7 6 5 Frequency Frequency 4 Visualizing a note 3 to understand Timbre: 2 Vibrato and Tremolo 392 1 Time → 0 Hz Waveform Tremolo 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 49 5000 Hz Alto Flute G4 11 Basilar Membrane 10 9 8 → In all cases, different 7 harmonics fall on 6 different parts of the 5 Basilar Membrane… Frequency Frequency 4 3 2 but not always on 1 different Critical Bands Time → 0 Hz 2/25/20 Sound of Music 5 50 Back to Piano vs.