TV WHITE SPACES A PRAGMATIC APPROACH m Edited by E.Pietrosemoli and M.Zennaro Contributions by Robert Horvitz Ryszard Strużak Dariusz Więcek Steve Song Carlos A. Afonso Timothy X Brown Jon M. Peha Cristian Gomez David Crawford Linda E. Doyle Kiely M. Cronin Ermanno Pietrosemoli Sebastian Büttrich Marco Zennaro Andrés Arcia-Moret December óþÕì Publisher ICTP-e Abdus Salam International Centre for eoretical Physics T/ICT¦D Lab contact: [email protected] Printing history December óþÕì, First Edition ISBN Éß-ÉóÉ¢þþì-¢þ-ß Disclaimer e editors and publisher have taken due care in preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein. 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For more details regarding your rights to use and redistribute this work, see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. a CONTENTS Contentsi Acknowledgementsv Preface vii Õ IntroductionÕ Advocacy ó Geo-Database Management of White Space vs. Open Spec- trum by Robert Horvitz, Open Spectrum Foundation ß ó.Õ Physics or Politics? ó.ó Unlicensed is BornÉ ó.ì Unlicensed Spreads Õþ ó.¦ Decentralizing Telecommunications Õþ ó.¢ Open Spectrum Approach Õì ó.ä Spectrum Occupancy Assessment Õä ó.ß Conclusions Õß ì Regulatory Issues for TV White Spaces by Ryszard Strużak and Dariusz Więcek, National Institute of Telecommunications, Poland ÕÉ ì.Õ Introduction ÕÉ ì.ó Spectrum Regulations óþ ì.ì Dynamic Spectrum Access and Cognitive Radio óì ì.¦ White Spaces Identication and Interference Avoidance ó¢ ì.¢ National Regulations and TV White Spaces óß ì.ä Examples ìÕ ì.ß Final Remarks ì¦ ì. Acknowledgment ì¦ ¦ Spectrum and Development by Steve Song, Network Startup Resource Center, USA ì¢ ¦.Õ Why Worry About Spectrum? ì¢ ¦.ó So Why Don’t We Talk About Spectrum? ìä ¦.ì Where Do ings Stand? ìß i ¦.¦ Unlicensed versus Licensed Spectrum ì ¦.¢ TV White Spaces Spectrum - a new frontier ìÉ ¦.ä What Promise Does TV White Spaces Technology Hold for the Developing World? ¦þ ¢ New cognitive radio technologies, white spaces and the digital dividend in the Brazilian context by Carlos A. Afonso, Instituto Nupef, Brazil ¦ì ¢.Õ Which spectrum are we talking about? ¦¦ ¢.ó e digital dividend and white spaces ¦ä ¢.ì Advances in developed countries ¦ß ¢.¦ Perspectives in Brazil and its region ¦ ä Policy-Based Radios by Timothy X Brown, University of Col- orado, USA and Carnegie Mellon University, Rwanda, and Jon M. Peha, Carnegie Mellon University, USA ¢Õ ä.Õ Introduction ¢Õ ä.ó Challenges to Spectrum Management ¢ó ä.ì Cognitive and Policy-Based Radios ¢¦ ä.¦ Advantage of Policy-Based Radios for Spectrum Sharing ¢ä ä.¢ Stakeholder Requirements ¢É ä.ä Spectrum Access through Policy-Based Radios äþ ä.ß Getting Started ä¦ ä. Conclusions ää ß TV White Spaces: Managing Spaces or Better Managing Inef- ciencies? by Cristian Gomez, International Telecommunica- tions Union äß ß.Õ Finding the White Spaces: instances of TVWS Availabil- ity ä ß.ó Main drivers for the research of alternative forms of spectrum utilization ßþ ß.ì On-Going Deployment Of Digital Television Broadcasting And Spectrum Planning Aspects ߦ ß.¦ TVWS Equipment Standarization And Spectrum Harmoniza- tion ßä ß.¢ Conclusions ßß e role of TV White Spaces and Dynamic Spectrum in help- ing to improve Internet access in Africa and other Developing Regions by Mike Jensen, Association for Progressive Commu- nications ì .Õ e potential for innovative spectrum use ¢ .ó Maximising the Impact of Innovative Spectrum Use ä ii Technology É White Space Broadband on the Isle of Bute, Scotland by David Crawford, University of Strathclyde, United Kingdom Éì É.Õ Introduction Éì É.ó Installing and Conguring the Network Éä É.ì Data roughput Measurements É É.¦ Coverage and Interference Analysis Õþþ É.¢ Network Operation and User Experience Õþ¢ É.ä Further Extending Broadband Reach Õþ¢ É.ß Summary and Conclusion Õþä É. Acknowledgements Õþß É.É Further Information Õþß Õþ Cognitive Radio and Africa by Linda E. Doyle, University of Dublin, Ireland ÕþÉ Õþ.Õ Introduction ÕþÉ Õþ.ó e Meaning of Cognitive Radio ÕþÉ Õþ.ì Drivers of Cognitive Radio ÕÕÕ Õþ.¦ Are the Drivers of Cognitive Radio Dierent For Africa? ÕÕ¢ Õþ.¢ e Issues of Cost ÕÕ Õþ.ä Conclusions ÕÕÉ ÕÕ e Weightless Standard by Kiely M. Cronin, Carlson Wireless Technologies ÕóÕ ÕÕ.Õ Weightless technology Õóó ÕÕ.ó White space is the paradigm shi Õóì ÕÕ.ì Design rules for MóM Õó¦ ÕÕ.¦ Design rules for white space Õóß ÕÕ.¢ Weightless - the standard designed for MóM in white space Õóß ÕÕ.ä Conclusions ÕóÉ Õó Overview of White Space Standards by Ermanno Pietrosemoli, e Abdus Salam International Centre for eoretical Physics, Italy ÕìÕ Õó.Õ Examples of wireless standards Õìó Õó.ó White Spaces Standards Õìì Õó.ì Conclusions Õ¦Õ Õì Green Power for Rural Communications by Sebastian Büt- trich, Network Startup Resource Center, USA and IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark Õ¦ì Õì.Õ Denitions and background Õ¦ì Õì.ó e case for solar powered ICT Õ¦¢ Õì.ì e case for solar powered networks Õ¦ß Õì.¦ Elements of a photovoltaic system Õ¦ Õì.¢ Types and eciencies of solar panels Õ¦É iii Õì.ä Dimensioning of photovoltaic systems Õ¢þ Õì.ß Insolation data and peak sun hours Õ¢Õ Õì. Year average approach Õ¢ì Õì.É Worst month approach Õ¢ì Õì.Õþ Battery approach Õ¢ì Õì.ÕÕ Dimensioning: an example Õ¢¦ Õì.Õó Power consumption of TVWS equipment Õ¢¢ Õì.Õì Economics of solar power Õ¢ß Õ¦ Low Cost Spectrum Measurements by Marco Zennaro and Andrés Arcia-Moret ÕäÕ Õ¦.Õ e need for spectrum measurements ÕäÕ Õ¦.ó e WhispPi device Õä¦ Õ¦.ì e ASCII-ìó device Õäß Õ¦.¦ UHF Band Activity and White Spaces ÕäÉ Õ¦.¢ Lessons Learned Õßþ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our gratitude to the many people that provided support, talked things over, read, wrote, oered comments and assisted in the editing, proofreading and design of this book. We would like to thank Prof.Sandro Radicella, head of the T/ICT¦D Lab of ICTP, for his support and encouragement. Ms.Grilli Dilys of ICTP for her comments and edits. Mr.Carlo Fonda for his help and support. We thank the Shuttleworth Foundation for their support to the book since its inception. We love their open, innovative and collaborative approach. anks to the NSRC team: Steve Huter, Hervey Allen, Dale Smith, Steve Song, Sebastian Buettrich. e idea of a book on TVWS started from a Skype chat with you folks! A special thanks to Steve Song for his comments and continuous support. v PREFACE Technologists should be grateful for the curiosity and open-mindedness exhibited by the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) over the last several decades. Law and policy always trail the fruits of tech- nology, mostly for the best, but the FCC has a remarkable track record of leadership that truly leverages technology to enable better use of spec- trum. ey led the policy of unlicensed bands, which in turn led to the incredible success stories of WiFi and RFID tags. rough TV Whites Spaces they continue to lead today. And they have been and continue to be open to technologists with better ideas about how to share spectrum more eciently. I hosted then Chairman Michael Powell in Berkeley in óþþì, where he listened to Bob Brodersen talk about cognitive radios (new at the time), and listened to me talk about the wireless needs of developing regions. He was just one in a line of leaders proactively looking for innovative solutions. You can see his speech on innovation from that time online Õ. We are in the middle of a great transformation from a world in which spectrum is protected by strict provisioning, whether used or not, to a world in which it is protected in essence by technology. We have an incredible range of technology options that allow reuse of spectrum without hurting the primary license holder, including not only smart or "cognitive" radios and tolerant coding, but also smart antennas that reduce interference. e emphasis is really on "without hurting" —i.e. we are broadly moving to models in which infringement is more about actually hindering the primary rather than on merely using "their" spec- trum. And as technology continues its inevitable rise, our ability to aggressively share spectrum well will only improve. And we need this innovation, particularly for rural areas, but also for continued innovation along the lines of WiFi and other novel solutions. In the current regimes, no carrier buys spectrum to cover rural areas. Instead, they buy spectrum to cover (protable) urban areas and they get the rural spectrum included essentially for free. is is a terrible model from the rural perspective: not only is the primary typically uninterested in providing service (due to cost), but anyone that might be interested is prohibited from doing so.