¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ " ¸ S # Whiting # ¸ ¸ # # " ¸ S S" # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # # ¸ # East ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ Chicago # ¸ ¸ # S" # Ogden Burns Harbor ¸ # Dunes ¸ # ¸ # S" ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ S" # ¸ # Porter Chesterton ¸ I-90 # S" ¸ ¸ # ¸ # # ¸ ¨¦§ I-94 S" # Gary ¨¦§ Hammond S" Lake S" Station Portage 80 ¸ # New I- ¸ S" Munster # S" I-80 § ¸ ¸ ¨¦ ¸ # # # ¸ ¨¦§ Chicago # " ¸ S ¸ # # Highland ¸ # ¸ S" S" # South ¸ # Haven ¸ # ¸ # Hobart ¸ " # Griffith S ¸ # S" ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # " # S ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # # # ¸ Dyer # ¸ ¸ # S" Merrillville # ¸ Schererville # " S" Valparaiso S S" Saint John S" r e e ¸ t # ¸ k # r ¸ # a o ¸ Crown # L P ¸ # Point ¸ S" # ¸ # ¸ # ¨¦§ I - ¸ 6 # Cedar 5 Lake ¸ # ¸ Cedar S" # ¸ Lake # ¸ Hebron Kouts # S" S" ¸ Lowell # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ S" # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # # # ¸ Por # t ¸ ¸ e # # r ¸ ¸ # ¸ # Jas # ¸ p # ¸ e # r ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # ¸ # # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # ¸ ¸ ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # # # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # ¸ # ke # ¸ # a ¸ ¸ ¸ L # # # ¸ # ¸ r # e sp ¸ a # J ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # ¸ # ¸ DeMotte # Wheatfield ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ " # n S r ¸ # S" e o ¸ ¸ # # ¸ t # p s w ¸ ¸ # # a e ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ # # # # J N r ¸ Rive # ¸ Kankakee # ¨¦§I ¸ # - Lake 6 5 ewton N ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, i-cubed, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community ¸ # ¸ # ¸ # Withdrawal Location ¸ # River Major Lakes ¸ ¸ # ¸ # WELL INTAK# E 7Q2 Flow (MGD) Interstate ¸ Water Resources # Energy/Mining County ¸ <10 MGD # ¸ # ¸ # Industry ¸ # ¸ # ¸ ¸ # # ¸ ¸ # Irrigation # 10 - 50 MGD S" City ¸ and Use in # 50 - 100 MGD ¸ # Misc. Miles 100 - 500 MGD ¸ Lake County # Public Supply N 0 1 2 4 6 Data Sources: U.S. Geological Survey and Indiana Department of Natural Resources Rural Use > 500 MGD Mitchell E. Daniels, Jr., Governor Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Robert E. Carter, Jr., Director IDNR DOW WRA 90-3 and 94-4 BEDROCK AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA The occurrence of bedrock aquifers depends on the original composition of the rocks and subsequent changes which influence the hydraulic properties. Post-depositional processes, which promote jointing, fracturing, and solution activity of exposed bedrock, generally increase the hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of the upper portion of bedrock aquifer systems. Because permeability in many places is greatest near the bedrock surface, bedrock units within the upper 100 feet are commonly the most productive aquifers. Two bedrock aquifer systems are identified for Lake County: the Devonian and Mississippian age Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales, and the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates. Moderately productive limestone subcrops throughout the northern, western, and southern portions of the county, and unproductive shales subcrop over the east-central section of the county. Bedrock aquifer systems in Lake County are overlain by unconsolidated deposits of varying thickness ranging from about 50 to over 200 feet throughout the county. Major sand and gravel aquifers occur in these thick R. 10 W. R. 9 W. unconsolidated deposits overlying the bedrock. 36 The yield of a bedrock aquifer depends on its hydraulic characteristics and the nature of the overlying deposits. Shale and glacial till act as aquitards, restricting recharge to T. 38 N. underlying bedrock aquifers. However, fracturing and/or jointing may occur in aquitards, T. 37 N. which can increase recharge to the underlying aquifers. Hydraulic properties of the bedrock aquifers are highly variable. Most of the bedrock aquifers in the county are under confined conditions. In other words, the potentiometric surface (water level) in 1 Lake Michigan most wells completed in bedrock rises above the top of the water-bearing zone. 6 The susceptibility of bedrock aquifer systems to surface contamination is largely 20 dependent on the type and thickness of the overlying sediments. Because the bedrock aquifer systems have complex fracturing systems, once a contaminant has been 12 11 introduced into a bedrock aquifer system, it will be difficult to track and remediate. 7 10 10 Wolf 8 9 Lake Lake Devonian and Mississippian -- Coldwater, Ellsworth George and Antrim Shales Aquifer System Whiting l na a 14 The Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer System is present at the bedrock C 17 or 13 18 17 16 b 15 surface in the east-central portion of Lake County. This system is generally not utilized ar H as a source of water in the county because of the typically low permeability of shale, and SR 912 a n ia unconsolidated aquifers are commonly abundant in the overlying deposits. However, the d Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales is used as the primary source of water in a few In isolated areas in Lake County. These locations lie to the immediate north and north-east 90 20 of the town of Crown Point, where the unconsolidated deposits do not contain any 19 significant aquifers. In some instances, wells are completed in the underlying carbonate Lake George Canal rocks in areas where the thickness of the shales are relatively thin. However, the water 24 21 22 may be of poor quality. 45-03989-MI 23 R. 9 W. R. 8 W. 24 Water wells utilizing the Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer System East Chicago penetrate approximately 100 to 150 feet of unconsolidated material, and are completed 41 into more than 50 feet of shale. However, only the upper 25 feet of the shale has typically been made permeable due to post-Devonian weathering, jointing and fracturing. 25 30 29 28 27 26 25 Static water levels in the shale range from 40 to 80 feet below the surface. The SR 312 Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer System is capable of supplying some 30 domestic users requiring less than 10 gallons per minute (gpm). There are no registered 29 significant groundwater withdrawal facilities in this system. 12 28 27 R. 8 W. R. 7 W. Since the permeability of shale materials is considered low and the overlying 31 unconsolidated deposits are relatively thick, this bedrock system is not very susceptible to 36 32 33 34 35 contamination introduced at or near the surface. Hammond 36 31 32 33 34 35 36 33 31 32 T. 37 N. Gr and Calumet River Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System T. 36 N. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore T. 37 N. T. 36 N. 12 1 5 The Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System subcrops throughout Lake County 6 4 3 20 2 1 2 except in the east-central portion of the county. It is the principle bedrock aquifer and the 6 5 4 3 1 6 5 only one capable of supporting high-capacity pumpage in the county. 4 In Lake County the Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System is overlain in most 20 places by about 50 to more than 200 feet of unconsolidated material. The majority of 2 domestic water wells that penetrate the system are completed in the upper 15 to 100 feet 5 Gary 90 1 8 2 12 7 9 10 1 of bedrock. Deep high-capacity wells commonly penetrate 200 to 450 feet of carbonate 11 12 7 8 R 9 12 9 10 11 8 S 7 ver 9 rock, and some wells have been reported to penetrate up to 550 feet of bedrock. In some R i R S met areas near the contact between the Coldwater, Ellsworth and Antrim Shales Aquifer alu le C System, and the Silurian and Devonian carbonates, wells are drilled through the shales Litt and into the more productive underlying carbonate rocks. Because the overlying shales inhibit recharge, these wells are less productive than wells completed in carbonates not 13 17 overlain by shale. 18 16 15 14 13 18 17 16 15 14 13 Li 18 Lake Station 16 Water wells are drilled to an average depth of about 230 feet and static water levels range ttle Cal 17 um 94 from flowing to 117 feet below the surface; however, water levels usually are between 10 et 6 80 Ri ver ver Ri to 40 feet. Only a few dry holes have been reported in this aquifer system. Most eep domestic wells can be expected to produce between 10 and 30 gpm with yields ranging D from 8 to 200 gpm. There are 22 registered significant groundwater withdrawal facilities (36 wells) in this system. Reported yields range from 87 to 1700 gpm. Uses for these New 24 19 20 21 22 23 24 Chicago facilities are public supply and irrigation. 19 20 21 22 23 20 24 19 21 Liverpool 1 5 The Silurian and Devonian Carbonates Aquifer System has a low susceptibility to surface Nature Preserve R contamination because the overlying unconsolidated deposits are relatively thick. S Cady Ma 6 rsh Ditch Munster 0 29 3 25 30 28 27 1 26 Highland 28 41 27 26 25 30 25 30 29 R 28 S 29 h c t i Ross D 34 35 31 36 t 32 33 r 32 33 a Griffith 34 35 36 33 36 31 32 H e 31 Location Map rg eo Du Hobart G ck Creek T. 36 N. Hoosier Prairie T. 35 N. Nature Preserve 65 Prairie Grove e T. 36 N. ak L T. 35 N. 2 45-00316-IR 1 1 5 4 3 5 2 1 6 5 6 6 4 3 1 ek R 5 4 e Hobart S Cr ey rk D Tu e e p R iv e 45-00763-IR r 12 7 8 11 12 7 8 9 Dyer 9 10 10 11 12 7 8 9 Schererville 30 13 18 17 Ainsworth 16 15 14 16 16 15 14 13 18 13 18 17 17 5 5 R S Deep River 21 19 20 20 22 Merrillville 24 19 23 24 30 22 23 24 19 21 20 21 85th Ave er iv R 25 30 29 28 26 25 30 p 27 29 28 27 26 25 30 ee D 29 28 e v St. John A d l e h i c t 3 f i f 36 31 32 D 5 e 33 34 35 36 am 31 h B D 32 33 34 36 R 31 32 33 S u er 35 ll eav S R in B un Ma T.