traces The UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History volume 2 spring 2013 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Published in the United States of America by the UNC-Chapel Hill History Department traces Hamilton Hall, CB #3195 Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3195 (919) 962-2115 [email protected] Copyright 2013 by UNC-Chapel Hill All rights reserved. Except in those cases that comply with the fair use guidelines of US copyright law (U.S.C. Title 17), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, or otherwise, without the prior written permission from the publisher. Design by Brandon Whitesell. Printed in the United States of America by Chamblee Graphics, Raleigh, North Carolina. Traces is produced by undergraduate and graduate students at UNC-Chapel Hill in order to showcase students’ historical research. Traces: The UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History is affiliated with the Delta Pi chapter (UNC-Chapel Hill) of Phi Alpha Theta, the National History Honor Society. Unfortunately there is no Past, available for distillation, capture, manipulation, observation and description. There have been, and there are, events in complex and innumerable combinations, and no magic formula “will ever give us masterytraces over them . There are, instead, some rather humdrum operations to be performed. We suspect or surmise that an event, a set of events has taken place: where can we find the traces they must have left behind them? Or we have come across some traces: what are they worth, as traces, and to what events do they point? Later on we shall find out which events we can, from our own knowledge of their traces, safely believe to have taken place. It remains a fact, nevertheless, that the whole historical world uses the word ‘sources,’ and will continue to do so. By refusing to follow its example we shall at any rate draw attention to the fact that history is not a deductive science, but an activity and a craft.” — G.J. Renier, History: Its Purpose and Method staff G. Lawson Kuehnert traces Executive & Editor-in-Chief Founding Editors Mark W. Hornburg Executive Editor Chase Haislip Director of Finance Dr. Miles Fletcher Chief Faculty Professor, Department of History, UNC-Chapel Hill Advisor Maggie Howell Senior Editors Michael Welker Gary Guadagnolo Graduate Editors Jeanine Navarrete iv Editorial Board tracesAugusta Dell’Omo Anna Langley Bo Stump Grace Tatter Peter Vogel Burt Westermeier Tom Wolf Faculty Advisors Dr. Matthew Andrews Dr. W. Fitzhugh Brundage Dr. Marcus Bull Dr. Jacquelyn Hall Dr. Jerma Jackson Dr. Miguel La Serna Dr. Wayne E. Lee Dr. Michael Tsin Dr. Gerhard Weinberg Jessica Wilkerson v sponsors Department of History, UNC-Chapel Hill traces Delta Pi Chapter (UNC-CH), Phi Alpha Theta, National History Honor Society UNC-Chapel Hill Parents Council vi donors We are grateful for the financial support of those listed below for the spring 2013 issue of Traces. Please consider sponsoring the journal by making a gift. If you would like to make a contribution, please let us know at [email protected]. Partners (up to $99) Frank and Pat Cuda Michelle and Nashat Ghabronious Anne and Jerod Kratzer Sandra Pillow Mary Blanton Vogel Supporters ($100-499) Joanne and Eugene Bernstein tracesCarillon and John Bihlmeyer Wallace and Karol Daniel John and Heather Dell’Omo Mark W. Hornburg Peter and Susan Mitchell Friends of the Page-Walker Hotel Gerhard L. Weinberg Friends ($500+) John Vann Vogel Alan Resley vii acknowledgments The editorial staff at Traces is indebted to the many students, faculty, staff, and friends who have supported the journal through its second year of publication. We traces especially would like to recognize Dr. Miles Fletcher and Dr. Lloyd Kramer in the UNC-Chapel Hill Department of History for their commitment to the journal over the past year. The administrative support of Wanda Wallace and Adam Kent has once again been invaluable, and Brandon Whitesell has done another incredible job on layout and design. The UNC-Chapel Hill Parents Council provided the initial grant for the publication of Traces, and we are grateful for their willingness to extend the grant for this year’s publication. viii awards Second Prize in the Gerald D. Nash History Journal Award competition, sponsored by the Phi Alpha Theta tracesNational History Honor Society, 2012. Raymond J. Cunningham Prize from the American Historical Association for best undergraduate article on history for T. Fielder Valone’s essay, “Destroying the Ties that Bind: Rituals of Humiliation and the Holocaust in Provincial Lithuania,” 2012, published in Vol. 1 of Traces. Eugene E. Jackson Chancellor’s Award at UNC-Chapel Hill, G. Lawson Kuehnert, for his work on Traces: The UNC-Chapel Hill Journal of History, 2013. Gerhard L. Weinberg Prize for Best Article in European History, Trevor Erlacher, for his essay “The Specter of Fascism: Defining the F-Word,” 2013. ix table of contents xiv Note from the Editors xvi Donors xx Abstracts Roundtable 1 The Legacy and Memory of the American Civil War Articles 10 Lost Daughters of the Confederacy: Common White Women in Civil War Era North Carolina | Cassandra D. traces McGuire 35 Victim of the “Lost Cause”: James Longstreet in the Postwar South | Sam Hobbs 62 The Ironic Transformation of Lincoln’s Image in the Post-Civil War South | Lewis McCorkle 86 Hometown Hero?: The Detroit Reaction to Joe Louis | John Muhs 112 Challenging Jim Crow: Desegregation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill | Hannah McMillan 132 Red Books and Smoking Guns: Using Mao to Rationalize Violence in the American New Left | Luke Wander 166 Manliness on the Gridiron: Walter Camp and the Popularization of Football at the Turn of the Twentieth Century | x Kaitlyn Warren 182 Bodies in Pain: Narratives of Demonic Possession in Merovingian Gaul | Amelia Kennedy Essays 203 The Transformative Impact of Civil War Photography | Hannah Nemer 213 Marvel Comics’s Civil War: An Allegory of September 11 in an American Civil War Framework | Berkay Max Erdemandi 224 Crosshatching in Trethewey’s Native Guard as the Ideal Texture of Documented History | Katie-Ann Majeski 230 “Working with One Hand and Fighting with the Other”: An Oral Historytraces of Kate Bradley and Community Organizing in Appalachia | Evangeline Mee 244 The Specter of Fascism: Defining the “F-Word” | Trevor Erlacher 263 Learning From David Hasselhoff: The Frustrated Desire for Historical Authenticity in Berlin | Scott Krause Book Reviews 274 Lincoln’s Code: The Laws of War in American History | Reviewed by Mary Elizabeth Walters 277 Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America | Reviewed by Jeanine Navarrete 279 Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention | Reviewed by Evan Faulkenbury xi table of contents (continued) 282 Memories of Empire, Volume I: The White Man’s World | Reviewed by Joel Hebert 285 Military Orientalism: Eastern War Through Western Eyes | Reviewed by Mark W. Hornburg 288 Murder Most Russian: True Crime and Punishment in Late Imperial Russia | Reviewed by Gary Guadagnolo 291 Self-Evident Truths? Human Rights and the Enlightenment | Reviewed by Ned Richardson-Little 294 Land of Promise: An Economic History of the United States | Reviewed by Wilson Parker Film Reviews traces 299 Zero Dark Thirty and Argo | Reviewed by Brian Drohan 303 Carlos | Reviewed by Christina Hollenbeck Exhibition Reviews 307 Searching for the Seventies: The DOCUMERICA Photography Project, Lawrence F. O’Brien Gallery, National Archives, Washington, D.C. | Reviewed by Jeanine Navarrete 310 Owari Tokugawake no shihō/ Treasures of the Owari Tokugawa Family, Metropolitan Tokyo “Edo-Tokyo” Museum, Tokyo, Japan | Reviewed by Daniele Lauro 316 The Monarchy Exhibition Series: Monarchy and Life of Children under Emperor Franz Joseph I, National Museum of the Czech xii Republic, Prague, Czech Republic | Reviewed by Laura Brade traces xiii note from the editors Unlike last year’s edition of Traces, this volume revolves around a historical theme, with many of the articles and reviews centering on the American Civil War and its aftermath, which we have interpreted broadly to include the topics of race and civil rights. Articles cover quite a range, from the role of poor white women in the Confederate cause to Marvel Comics’ use of the Civil War as a metaphor for the debate over civil liberties in the United States post-9/11. In this year marking the 150th anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation it is fitting that historians revisit the ongoing significance of the Civil War period. The roundtable discussion that opens this volume offers a range of opinions on the continuing influence of the war on US culture and politics, but popular culture and news stories from this year have already reminded us of its legacy. From Steven Spielberg’s filmLincoln to Quentin Taratino’s Django Unchained, pop culture weighed in on the Civil War with a vengeance. The great distance in time has even allowed the war to serve as the object of humor, as when on Saturday Night Live Louis C.K. played Lincoln as a stand-up comedian performing at a comedy club. The assassinated president also was fair game for commercial purposes, appearing in Lincoln Motor Company ads to hawk luxury cars. Outside the world of make-believe, the Civil War continues to resonate in some telling ways. In the state of Georgia this year, atraces high school that had been holding “whites-only” proms held an integrated prom for the first time in its history. Last year, a “mixed-race” student had been turned away from the same event. Not coincidentally, Georgia is one of seven southern states that hold month-long commemorative “celebrations” of Confederate heritage and history. Less seriously but more surprisingly in the year 2013, a Cheerios ad featuring a mixed-race couple and their young daughter sparked a racist backlash on the Internet.