Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Further foray into fishes Form, function, and phylogeny Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Synapomorphies (shared derived features) of vertebrates • Bilateral symmetry • Mouth, stomach, and gut • Brain and spinal cord (CNS, central nervous system) • Head with multiple sense organs • Heart and circulatory system ventral to CNS • Pharyngeal pouches (gill arches) • Segmented body with muscles • Skeleton composed of cartilage or bone (collagen with hydroxyapatite mineral), dentine, and enamel Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Era Period Epoch Age (millions of years ago) Holocene Quaternary Pleistocene Mass Extinction 2.6 Pliocene Neogene Miocene 23 Oligocene Cenozoic Eocene Paleogene Paleocene 65 Cretaceous 145 Jurassic 199 Mesozoic Triassic Phanerozoic 251 Permian 299 Pennsylvanian 318 fish tetrapods and Jawed Mississippian Carboniferous 359 Devonian Early tetrapods on land 416 Paleozoic Conodonts Silurian 444 Ordovician fish Jawless 488 Cambrian First vertebrate fossils 542 Proterozoic 2.5 billion Archean 4.6 billion Precambrian Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Phylogeny of early vertebrates Agnatha, “jawless fish” (paraphyletic) “jawed fish” hagfish lampreys Heterostraci Haikouicthys Conodonta Osteostraci Gnathostomes * jaws Unnamed * paired fins or fin folds Unnamed * trunk dermal skeleton Unnamed * calcified dermal skeleton Craniata Plates of enamel, dentine, and bone * eye muscles * symmetrical gills * 2 semicircular canals Vertebrata Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Challenges of living in the water • Moving forward • Changing direction • Ingesting food shark swimming: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZT7fgUlACNo bobbing for apples (2:30 seconds) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2e1V8FfinI Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Heterostracan versus osteostracan agnathans Heterostraci Osteostraci (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Heterostracans Errivaspis waynensis from the Early Devonian, United Kingdom (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Silurian and Devonian radiation More than 300 species Head shields with upper and lower plates (no paired fins -- ancestral character) Liliaspis, heterostracan from the Early Devonian, Russia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Errivaspis waynensis from the Early Devonian, United Kingdom (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Osteostracans Meteoraspis , an osteostracan (by John A. Long, from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Radiated Ordovician through Devonian Major group of fishes, more than 300 species in three subclades Massive dorsal head shield Gill openings on ventral side paired fins Zenaspis selwayi(from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Cephelaspis pagei from Early Devonian of Britain (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) Sarcopterygia Actinopterygia (lobe-finned fish... sharkschimaeras, and rays ratfish Placodermi (ray-finned fish) paraphyletic with respect to tetrapods) Acanthodians Chondricthyes * loss of bone Osteichthyes (bony fish) * specialized tooth replacement Acanthodians Unnamed * teeth erupt from dental lamina * nasal capsule attached to rest of chondrocranium Gnathostomes Placoderm head * jaws derived from palatoquadrate (upper) and Meckel’s (lower) cartilages * pectoral and pelvic girdles Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Placoderms - early gnathostomes Silurian and Devonian Major group of jawed fishes Plates around head hinged upper and lower jaws Latocamurus, a placoderm from Late Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Incisoscutumm, a placoderm from Late Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Dunkleosteus, a placoderm from Devonian of Ohio (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Live birth in placoderms Materpiscis attenboroughi, Devonian from Gogo, Australia Materpiscis attenboroughis, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Materpiscis attenboroughi, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Campbellodus decipiens, Devonian of Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Placoderm: early gnathostome (jawed fish) Dunkleosteus, a placoderm from Devonian of Ohio (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Observation: Head and base shields, 30 feet/10 m long; fins, no dorsal dermal armor. Interpretation: Caudal or trunk swimmer, evasive food items, food widely distributed, predator Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Chondrichthyes - sharks, rays and chimeras Devonian to present loss of bone in skeleton radial tooth eruption Falcatus, stethacanthid shark from the Early Carboniferous (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Acmonistion, stethacanthid shark from the Early Carboniferous (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Chlamydoselache teeth (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Helicoprion, shark from the Permian (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Shark skeleton Braincase Eye Pharyngeal (gill) arches Pectoral fine Upper and lower jaws (loosely attached to braincase) Shark feeding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUqnA3FzPI4 (after 2 minutes0 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Shark skeleton Braincase Eye Pharyngeal (gill) arches Pectoral fine Upper and lower jaws (loosely attached to braincase) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Actinopterygia - ray-finned fish Silurian to present rays in fins simplified gill skeleton Living wrasse, a teleost (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Howqualepis rostidens, Late Devonian, Australia (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Polypterus, ray-finned fish from Africa (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Cheirolepis, early actinopterygian (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Osteicthyan (bony fish) anatomy from Long, The Rise of Fishes Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Ray-finned fish skull (red snapper) Orbit Braincase Frontal Premaxilla Maxilla Angular Quadrate Pharyngeal (gill) arches Dentary Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 University of California, Santa Cruz Moray eel double teeth: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rv2DkzOPBXw Tiger fish suction feeding: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2lcBaqYK1o Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Sarcopterygia - lobe-finned fish Silurian to present Flattened skull Humerus, radius, and ulna / Femur, tibia, and fibula in limbs lungs Paraphyletic group of fishes that are most closely related to tetrapods Left: tooth plate of fossil lungfish Arganodus from Early Cretaceous of Africa. Right: Mouth of living lungfish Neoceratodus forsteri showing tooth plates (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Coelacanthus, living coelacanth (from Hans Fricke) Protopterus, African lungfish (from Long, 2011, The Rise of Fishes) Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Department of Geological Sciences | Indiana University Dinosaurs and their relatives (c) 2015, P. David Polly Geology G114 Summary • Early vertebrates and their water-dwelling descendants move forward by lateral undulation (waving the body from side to side) • Fins are used to maneuver • specializations for different habitats include • enlarging (increased maneuverability, moving backwards, moving up and down) or reducing fins (decreased maneuverability, more emphasis on forward motion) • specializing tail for stronger (powerful strokes, faster and more inertia) or weaker strokes (slower, more maneuverable) • Food ingestion requires getting water to flow into mouth • gill arches help by providing exit for water • specializations of the jaws allow for.. • pulling food into mouth • suction feeding.