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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographicaliy in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or Illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Infarmation and Learning 300 North Zaeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 4810B-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMT msî. NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not Included In the original manuscript and are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received. 90&94 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMT ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF GARLIC MGSTABD, ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (BIEB) CAVARA AND GRANDE, IN OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Daniel Raymond Scott The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee; Approved by Dr. Emilie E. Regnier, Adviser Dr. John Cardina Adviser O Dr. Miller MacDonald Horticulture and Crop Science Graduate Program Dr. Allison Snow UMi Number 9994936 UMI' UMI Microform 9994936 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition Is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 Copyright by Daniel Raymond Scott 2000 ABSTRACT Garlic mustard, Alliaria petiolata (Bleb) Cavara and Grande, seed dormancy, competition effects, and spatial distribution and spread were studied in Ohio woods. Buried seed experiments lasting 3 yrs were begun in 1996 and 1997 to examine dormancy aspects of garlic mustard. Seeds were surface covered and buried 10 cm deep in fiberglass mesh packets. Average germination of shallow seeds was 61% the first season (1997) with a cumulative germination of 94% after 3 years. Among the deeply buried seeds, the cumulative germination was 16% after 3 years. No germination in the field was observed prior to February or after April of each season. Seeds were 100% viable at harvest and maintained 99% viability during the study. A competition experiment was begun in 1997. Garlic mustard seeds were planted into meter square plots of woodland herbs in the fall of 1997 at densities ranging from 0 to 6400 seeds m“^ at two locations. Census of forest herbs taken during the experiment was used to calculate the Population Relative Growth Rate (PRGR) for each native species. Impatiens capensis PRGR at the highest density of garlic mustard was significantly reduced compared to the control at the Wooster site. There was no effect on other species. A mapping study was initiated in 1998 and continued through 2000 to quantify the spread of nascent foci in established woods. Plots were selected at three sites based on remoteness of small populations of garlic mustard rosettes. The area occupied by seedlings in 1999 ii was on average 53% to 170% greater than 1998 at the three sites. The area occupied by rosettes in 2000 increased by an average of 161% over the first season (1998) at Wooster. The number of rosettes in 2000 was an average of 301% higher than the number of rosettes in 1998 at Wooster and 588% greater at S. Charleston. Approximately 30% of 1999 seedlings survived to flower in 2000. Elimination of these nascent foci should be the primary goal for controlling garlic mustard. I l l Dedicated to my Grandmother Dorothy M. Scott 1909-1998 Her love and belief in me was always a constant And her faith was as solid as a rock. XV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest appreciation to my advisor. Dr. Emilie E. Regnier for her valuable assistance, encouragement, and patience during the course of this study and the writing of this dissertation. I also want to thank the members of my committee: Drs. John Cardina, Miller MacDonald, and Allison Snow for their time and advice during this important moment in my life. I must give a large thank-you and a tip-of-the-hat to my fellow graduate students and the staff of the Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, especially ' Andy Evans and Jerron Schmoll, for their help and friendship. To my good friends Bill and Kathy Ardla who were always there with prayers and support and to Dave and Debbie Poole who never lost faith in my ability to complete this task, I can only say thank you. Jacob and Jarrod, thank you for your patience and willingness to help around the house while Dad was totally "out of it". I love you guys. To my Mom who helped me harvest and take notes, and accompanied me on my walks to discover the impact of this invasive, I can say that you have a share in this endeavor. And to my Dad I say thank you for doing all the things with the cars and lawn mower and other stuff I couldn't do. Finally, and most importantly, to my loving wife Kathy, I thank you for your longsuffering patience and support. Your confidence in me never wavered and your prayers sustained me, and I will always love you for that. May God be with us always. VI VITA December 20,1951 ............................................................. Bom - Springfield, Ohio 1987 BA- Biology/Math Wittenberg University 1992................................................................................. MS - Agronomy Ohio State Um'versity, 1992 - 1995.....................................................................Adjunct Instructor Clark State Community College, Springfield, OH 1996 - Present..................................................................Graduate Research Assoc. Ohio State University PUBUCATIONS Research Publication Wieboid, W.J., R.E. Buehler, and D.R. Scott 1990. Repeatable writing assignments to enhance student writing. JAgjroruEduc. 19:51-54. StMartin, SiC., D.R. Scott, A.F. Schmitthenner and B.A. McBlaiit !994. Relationslup between tolerance to phytophthora rot and soybean yield. Plant Breeding 113:331-334. FIELDS OF STUDY Nfojor Field: Horticulture and Crop Science Studies in Weed Ecology. Dr. E.E. Regnier vxi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ....................................................................................................................ii Dedication................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgments.................................................................................................... v Vita ......................................................................................................................vii List o f Tables ............................................................................................................ x List of Figures ........................................................................................................... xi Chapters; 1. Introduction and literature review ........................................................................1 2. Seed dormancy in garlic mustard. Abstract ......................................................................................................... 29 Introduction ................................................................................................... 31 Materials and MeUiods................................................................................. 35 Results and Discussion ................................................................................. 40 Literature Cited ............................................................................................. 68 3. Competition of gprlic mustard with forest ephemerals. Abstract ......................................................................................................... 71 Introduction ................................................................................................... 72 Materials and Methods ................................................................................. 77 Results and Discussion ................................................................................. 81 Literature Cited ............................................................................................. 99 vxxx 4. The spread of garlic mustard Grom nascent foci. Abstract ....................................................................................................... 101 Introduction ................................................................................................. 103 Materials and Methods ............................................................................... 108 Results and Discussion ..............................................................................