Timeline / 1800 to After 1930 Date Country Theme 1800s United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Cities And Urban Spaces In around 1800, the Sharjah town is estimated to have around 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants. Early 1800s United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Economy And Trade The Qawasim possess a fleet of over 700 long-distance trading vessels, venturing all over the Gulf as well as in India and East Africa. 1800 - 1814 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces In the Napoleonic age, monumental architecture is intended to celebrate the glory of the new regime. An example of that is the Foro Bonaparte, in the area around the Sforza’s Castle in Milan (a project by Giovanni Antonio Antolini). 1800s - 1850s Italy Travelling The “Grand Tour” falls out of vogue; it used to be a period of educational travel, popular among the European aristocrats in the 17th and 18th centuries. Its primary destination was Italy. In the second half of the 19th century, vanguard artists no longer looked at Roman antiquities and Renaissance for inspiration. 1800 - 1803 Saudi Arabia Political Context Most parts of Arabia become part of the new Saudi State. In 1803, The two holy cities of Mecca (Makkah) and Medina (Madinah), along with the rest of the Hijaz region, join the Saudi State. 1800 United Kingdom Political Context The Kingdom of Great Britain comes into being under the Treaty of Union of the kingdoms of England (which then included Wales) and Scotland on 1 May 1707. It lasts, controlled under a single parliament and government based at Westminster, up until 31 December 1800. Beginning of 19th century Germany Cities And Urban Spaces Garden cities – planned urbanisation to overcome the housing crises in growing cities –come into vogue. Examples include Margarethenhöhe in Essen, Dresden- Hellerau and Dresden-Briesnitz. 1800s - 1900s Germany Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion The era marks the genesis of some of the world’s most popular classical compositions, for example: in 1841 Robert Schumann composes Frühlingssinfonie (Spring Symphony) and in 1859 Johannes Brahms finished the concerto Klavierkonzert Nr.1d-Moll op.15 (Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor, Op.15). In 1889 Gustav Mahler’s 1. Sinfonie D-Dur (Symphony No. 1 in D major) is premiered; followed in 1905 by his Kindertotenlieder (Songs on the Death of Children). Date Country Theme 1800 - 1900 Lebanon Cities And Urban Spaces Some features of 19th-century architecture in Lebanon have their origins in the era of Fakhr al-Din II. He had built khans and caravanserais to encourage trade and he introduced the red-tile technique, which became a typical element in Lebanese architecture. The mashrabiyya (wooden screens), used in buildings of Fakhr al- Din’s era, are still used in 19th-century Lebanese architecture. 1801 Egypt Migrations Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha commands 6,000 Turkish troops to assist the British in expelling the French from Rashid. For this he is assigned Governor of Egypt. 1801 United Kingdom Political Context The Irish Rebellion of 1798, which was intended to put an end to what Irish nationalists perceived as the subordination and dependency of Ireland on the British crown, instead contributes to the Irish parliament’s vote to join the union between the kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland. On 1 January 1801, Britain, Scotland and Ireland sign the Act of Union and merge, to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 19th century France Fine And Applied Arts The arts experience rapid growth with the appearance of new techniques and the emergence of photography and cinema. The female sculptor Camille Claudel was part of this artistic boom. Cultural exchanges with other countries, for example at the International Exhibitions, were extremely fruitful. 19th century France Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion Dance (i.e. the waltz and quadrille), street song and cabaret (i.e. the sentimental and parody) and operetta all caught the popular imagination. Popular novels (i.e. those by Dumas, Sue, du Terrail) enjoyed huge success too, due to serialisation. The fashion world was influenced by publications of specialist journals and department stores where different fashions mark each period (i.e. the crinoline, the corset and millinery fashions). 19th century Germany Fine And Applied Arts The so-called Moorish style recalls the Islamic art of Spain and North Africa between the 12th and 15th centuries, which it is said reached its zenith in the Alhambra. The style became fashionable in the 19th century for several reasons, but not least that technical progress and 19th-century industrialisation made a change in architectural styles both desirable and possible. As communications became easier and faster and people were exposed to other cultures, different styles and their functions were fused together in architecture, often to display their patron’s affluence as travel and education were still expensive. For example, the Dampfmaschinenhaus (the Steam Pump House) in Potsdam (1841–3) was designed by Ludwig Persius to resemble a mosque and the Moorish Villa (Wilhelma Park) in Stuttgart (1846) was probably built by Karl Ludwig van Zanth in the Moorish style for King Wilhelm I. From 19th century onward Germany Migrations Date Country Theme Around 5 million Germans migrate to the USA to meet the need for manpower there, thanks to industrialisation, especially from the Ruhr region. 1802 United Kingdom Rediscovering The Past The Treaty of Paris is signed. Following defeat by Anglo-Ottoman forces, France surrenders to Britain the Egyptian antiquities it has collected. The way is open for British exploration of Egyptian archaeology. 1802 Germany Rediscovering The Past The first Chair of Archaeology is appointed at the Christian-Albrechts-Universität in Kiel. 1803 - 1866 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr succeeds his father as leader of the Qawasim. He expands the Qawasim Empire to the east to encompass the areas now known as Khor Fakkan and Kalba. He delegates the administration of key strongholds to his brothers and later to his sons. His half-brother Salih bin Saqr rules Sharjah from 1803 to 1838, followed by his son Saqr bin Sultan (until 1846), and then his son Abdallah bin Sultan (until 1855). 1803 - 1818 Saudi Arabia Political Context The third Imam, Saud ibn ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, faces a hostile reaction from the Ottoman Empire through its powerful viceroy in Egypt Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha. After ‘Abd al-‘Aziz’s death in 1814, his son, Abdallah, battles with the Egyptian army in many regions of the state. Finally Dir‘iyya is surrendered, and Imam Abdallah is then taken to Turkey, where he is executed. 1804 Serbia Political Context The First Serbian Uprising culminates in the first Serbian Vožd (Grand Leader), a progenitor of the Kara#or#evi# Dynasty, #or#e Petrovi#. He is elected, at a gathering of the Serbs at Orašac on the Feast of the Presentation, having won many famous victories against stronger and better-armed Turkish armies at Ivankovac, Mišar and Varvarin. Following the Treaty of Bucharest and the failure of the Uprising, Petrovi# flees to Austria in 1813, but soon after, eager to continue his efforts at expelling the Turks, he joins the Greek liberation movement. He secretly returns to Serbia in 1817 to discuss a joint plan of action with the Prince of Serbia Miloš Obrenovi#, but Miloš has him assassinated. Around 1805 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Economy And Trade The Qawasim demand tribute from the British East India Company in exchange for navigational rights in the Gulf; the British then begin military interventions aimed at destroying the economic hegemony of the Qawasim in the Lower Gulf region. 1805 - 1867 Egypt Political Context During this time Egypt is a legally nominal Ottoman province governed by a wali on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, although de facto it is virtually independent, with its walis styling themselves as Khedives. Despite their legally subservient status, Date Country Theme Egypt’s walis enjoy far more political power than their descendants, who, decades later, rule the country as nominally independent sultans and kings. 1806 United Arab Emirates (Sharjah) Political Context A temporary Peace Accord is achieved between the British East India Company, represented by Captain David Seton the Resident at Muscat, and Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr. This comes following several incidents labelled by the British as “piracy”, which the Qawasim argue is crucial defence of their existentially important economic interests in the Gulf region. 1806 - 1921 Jordan Rediscovering The Past The 19th century is the age of rediscovery and of opening up the monuments and sites of the Ancient East to Western civilisation. Most ancient sites of Transjordan such as Petra, Jerash, Gadara (Umm Qays), Amra, Umm al-Rasas, Mushatta and many others are explored, documented and identified during the 19th century. 1806 Germany Political Context The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt are fought – in the midst of the collapse of the Prussian State and abolition of the Holy Roman Empire by Kaiser Franz II – under pressure from Napoleon Bonaparte. 1807 - 1837 Italy Cities And Urban Spaces In Milan, Luigi Cagnola completes the construction of the Arch of Peace, started during the Napoleonic age and inspired by the Arc du Carrousel in Paris. The stunning architectures of the Napoleonic age use arches, obelisks and allegorical groups of Roman and French classical inspiration. 1807 Egypt Great Inventions Of The 19th Century On 8 May Muhammad ‘Ali Pasha, the Ottoman Governor of Egypt, gives the order to start digging the Mahmudiya Canal, from the River Nile to Alexandria through al- Buhayra, to transport water and as a route for cargo ships. 1807 - 1816 Portugal Political Context First Napoleonic invasion. Prince Regent João (1767–1826, crowned in 1816) transfers the court and the seat of political power to Brazil, avoiding being deposed and replaced by a Napoleonic nominee as in other European kingdoms.