Russia “Russian Empire offers much valuable information Burbank History on a wide range of significant issues . genuinely von Hagen thoughtful and thought provoking.” Remnev —Dominic Lieven, London School of Economics Contributors The strategies of imperial governance pursued by rulers, officials, scholars, and subjects of the Russian empire are Russian Vladimir Bobrovnikov the focus of this innovative volume. An international team of scholars explores the connections between Russia’s Jane Burbank expansion over vast territories occupied by people of many ethnicities, religions, and political experiences and Elena Campbell R the evolution of imperial administration and vision. The Empire Leonid Gorizontov fresh research reflected in the essays reveals the ways in which the realities of sustaining imperial power in a u Francine Hirsch multi-ethnic, multi-confessional, scattered, and diffuse Sviatoslav Kaspe environment inspired political imaginaries and set limits on what the state could accomplish. This rich and original ssian Empi Irina Novikova work provides important new frameworks for studying Ekaterina Pravilova Russia’s imperial geography of power. Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 Anatolyi Remnev Jane Burbank is Professor of History and Russian and Slavic Studies at New York University. She is author of Shane O’Rourke Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov Countryside, 1905–1917 (IUP, 2004) and editor (with David L. Ransel) of Imperial Russia: New Histories for Charles Steinwedel the Empire (IUP, 1998). Willard Sunderland Mark VON Hagen is Professor and Chair of the Depart- Nailya Tagirova ment of History at Arizona State University. He is author of Soldiers in the Proletarian Dictatorship and co-editor Rustem Tsiunchuk of several volumes on empire, nationality, and Russian- Aleksei Volvenko Ukrainian relations. Mark von Hagen ANATOLYI REMNEV is Professor at Omsk State University Paul Werth and author of Autocracy and Siberia:Administrative Politics from the 19th through the Early 20th Century (in Russian). Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies Alexander Rabinowitch and William G. Rosenberg, editors r INDIANA e University Press Cover illustrations from Atlas Bloomington & Indianapolis Aziatskoi Rossii (St. Peters- burg, 1914). Map of Siberia EDITED BY http://iupress.indiana.edu drawn by Remizov, 1699 (east 1-800-842-6796 at left, north at bottom). INDIANA Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev Russian Empire Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies Alexander Rabinowitch and William G. Rosenberg, editors edited by JANE BURBANK, MARK VON HAGEN, and ANATOLYI REMNEV Russian Empire Space, People, Power, 1700–1930 indiana university press Bloomington and Indianapolis This book is a publication of Indiana University Press 601 North Morton Street Bloomington, IN 47404-3797 USA http://iupress.indiana.edu Telephone orders 800-842-6796 Fax orders 812-855-7931 Orders by e-mail [email protected] © 2007 by Indiana University Press The maps in chapter 5 were reprinted from Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet, by Francine Hirsch, copyright © 2005 by Cornell University by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press. Chapter 6 is adapted from At the Margins of Orthodoxy: Mission, Governance, and Confessional Politics in Russia’s Volga-Kama Region, 1827–1905, by Paul Werth, copyright © 2002 by Cornell University by permission of the publisher, Cornell University Press. Material in this work was presented to the University Seminar on Slavic History and Culture at Columbia University. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The Association of American University Presses’ Resolution on Permissions constitutes the only exception to this prohibition. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Manufactured in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Russian empire : space, people, power, 1700–1930 / edited by Jane Burbank, Mark von Hagen, and Anatolyi Remnev. p. cm.— (Indiana-Michigan series inRussian and East European studies) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-253-34901-9 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-253-21911-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Russia—Politics and government— 1801–1917. 2. Soviet Union—Politics and government. 3. Russia—Ethnic relations. 4. Soviet Union—Ethnic relations. I. Burbank, Jane. II. Von Hagen, Mark. III. Remnev, A. V. DK189.R873 2007 947—dc22 2006037050 1 2 3 4 5 12 11 10 09 08 07 To Boris Vasil’evich Anan’ich Contents Preface and Acknowledgments xi Coming into the Territory: Uncertainty and Empire 1 Jane Burbank and Mark von Hagen part one: space 1. Imperial Space: Territorial Thought and Practice in the Eighteenth Century 33 Willard Sunderland 2. The “Great Circle” of Interior Russia: Representations of the Imperial Center in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries 67 Leonid Gorizontov 3. How Bashkiria Became Part of European Russia, 1762–1881 94 Charles Steinwedel 4. Mapping the Empire’s Economic Regions from the Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century 125 Nailya Tagirova 5. State and Evolution: Ethnographic Knowledge, Economic Expediency, and the Making of the USSR, 1917–1924 139 Francine Hirsch part two: people 6. Changing Conceptions of Difference, Assimilation, and Faith in the Volga-Kama Region, 1740–1870 169 Paul Werth 7. Thinking Like an Empire: Estate, Law, and Rights in the Early Twentieth Century 196 Jane Burbank 8. From Region to Nation: The Don Cossacks 1870–1920 218 Shane O’Rourke 9. Bandits and the State: Designing a “Traditional” Culture of Violence in the Russian Caucasus 239 Vladimir Bobrovnikov 10. Representing “Primitive Communists”: Ethnographic and Political Authority in Early Soviet Siberia 268 Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov part three: institutions 11. From the Zloty to the Ruble: The Kingdom of Poland in the Monetary Politics of the Russian Empire 295 Ekaterina Pravilova 12. The Muslim Question in Late Imperial Russia 320 Elena Campbell 13. The Zemstvo Reform, the Cossacks, and Administrative Policy on the Don, 1864–1882 348 Aleksei Volvenko 14. Peoples, Regions, and Electoral Politics: The State Dumas and the Constitution of New National Elites 366 Rustem Tsiunchuk 15. The Provisional Government and Finland: Russian Democracy and Finnish Nationalism in Search of Peaceful Coexistence 398 Irina Novikova part four: designs 16. Siberia and the Russian Far East in the Imperial Geography of Power 425 Anatolyi Remnev 17. Imperial Political Culture and Modernization in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century 455 Sviatoslav Kaspe viii Contents 18. Federalisms and Pan-movements: Re-imagining Empire 494 Mark von Hagen List of Contributors 511 Index 515 Contents ix Preface and Acknowledgments This project was conceived at Sobinka, a holiday camp on the outskirts of Vladimir in 1996. It spent a second summer idyll near Iaroslavl’, took a winter break at Sestroretsk and another in New York, attained adolescence in Siberia (Omsk), and came to maturity in Samara. The project had gener- ous parents—the Moscow Social Science Foundation, the Ford Foundation, and the Harriman Institute—and wonderful institutional hosts. Above all, we thank Petr Savel’ev, rector of the Samara Municipal Institute of Admin- istration, historian, one of the founding members of our collective, and organizer of our ¤nal meeting on the Volga. Two other scholars guided us along our way: Steven Smith of Essex University and Mary McAuley, then director of the Ford Foundation of¤ce in Moscow. Throughout, we had a wonderful nauchnyi rukovoditel’—Boris Vasil’evich Anan’ich—to whom this book is dedicated. Later, Ronald Meyer helped us transform individual manuscripts into a collective volume, much improved by his superb edit- ing and translating skills. Dominic Lieven, in turn, read the manuscript, generously shared with us his vast knowledge of empires, and offered just the right balance of enthusiasm and caution. We profoundly thank our edi- tor, Janet Rabinowitch, historian and director of Indiana University Press, for seeing this multi-year, transcontinental project to completion. Finally, we are deeply grateful to Robert Belknap, leader of the Columbia Univer- sity Faculty Seminars, and Richard Foley, Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at New York University, for their material and intellectual support when we most needed it. Our transient seminar brought together scholars from Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom, three polities with experience of em- pire. Russian participants come from Taganrog, Samara, Omsk, Kazan, Petrozavodsk, and Arkhangel’sk as well as the two capitals. American and British contributors also live and work in cities, towns, and villages widely dispersed over their continent and island. Our disciplines are history—the majority of us—as well as anthropology and political science. What unites us is our effort to escape from the nationalizing assumptions of most stud- ies of the Russian empire. We began our collective work by using “region” as a provisional category, an approach that permitted us to recast tradi- tional questions