SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BROAD BEAN, LENTIL AND COMMON BEAN IRRIGATED WITH DIFFERENT DILUTIONS OF PRE-TANNING EFFLUENTS Şemun Tayyar and Ali Nail Yapıcı SUMMARY Leather manufacturing is a worldwide industry that has been tanning effluent, and tap water (control). Number of germinated carried out for centuries and has achieved great importance in seeds, germination percentage, root length, root weight, shoot Turkey. However, the leather industry is associated with the gen- length, shoot weight and root+shoot weight were measured at eration of large amounts of waste water and solid wastes that are 15 days after planting. All germination properties varied consid- a threat to the environment. A germination experiment was con- erably, and significant differences among them were determined ducted to determine the effect of different dilutions of pre-tanning (P<0.05). Undiluted pre-tanning effluent had adverse effects and effluents on the germination characteristics of broad bean, lentil no germination occurred for any of the tested plant materials. and common bean. The experiment was designed as a completely Except for the undiluted pre-tanning effluent, no significant differ- randomized block with three replications. Seeds of each species ences were detected in the number of germinated seeds and ger- were sown and irrigated with different dilutions of pre-tanning mination percentage, whereas some differences among treatments effluents (1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 tap water:effluent), undiluted pre- were observed for the remaining characteristics. Introduction several developing countries quantity and composition of of waste water produced in remain traditional processes the effluent depend on the different pre-tanning processes The leather industry is one in terms of optimization for type of raw materials used on the germination and seed- of the oldest and tradition- chemicals and water usage and the processing technology. ling growth of widely cultivat- al industries in Turkey. Ac- (Raghava Rao et al., 2003). These effluents are discharged ed species such as broad bean, cording to 2005 data, 39×106 Among them, especially pre- into the environment with- common bean and lentil. pieces of skins and 116 000ton tanning stages involving “do- out treatment and could be of hides (DPT, 2007) are pro- undo” operations such as cur- used by farmers for irrigation Materials and Methods cessed in ~900 operative tan- ing (dehydration), soaking (re- of crops without taking into neries in the country. The final hydration), liming (swelling), consideration their negative This study was carried out leather obtained from different deliming (deswelling), pickling effects on plant growth and at Biga Vocational College, raw materials has many good (acidification) and depickling production, soil and ground- Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Uni- characteristics such as superior (basification) are significant water. The long-term use of versity, Biga-Çanakkale, Tur- comfort, good hygiene proper- (Bienkiewicz, 1983). These tannery effluents for irriga- key, employing broad bean ties, softness, durability, flex- processes are performed in a tion of field crops may cause (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens ibility, etc. (Payne and Whit- wide range of pH (3-13) along changes in soil productivity, culinaris L.) and common taker, 1972). The industry is with many chemicals. pH, electrical conductance bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) considered a primary polluter The various acids, toxic (EC), heavy metal accumula- as the test crops. A germina- of the environment and has a salts, sulphides and heavy tion, etc. These adverse effects tion experiment was performed strong potential to cause soil metals contained in the ef- and mechanism resulting in and evaluated to explore some and water pollution owing fluents released from tanner- plant stress have been studied germination characteristics to the discharge of untreated ies, as well as high biologi- by different researchers (Kar- of the plant materials, which effluent (Sathish Kumar and cal oxygen demand (BOD) unyal et al., 1994; Sinha et were local populations, irri- Mani, 2007). Moreover, air and chemical oxygen demand al., 2002; Tisler et al., 2004; gated with different dilutions pollution, wide-spread odors, (COD), are the major sources Tayyar and Yapıcı, 2007; Tay- of pre-tanning effluents. They poisoning from toxic gas and of environmental pollution that yar et al., 2008; Calheiros et were planted in soil contained unsafe disposal of waste are endanger life. In addition, the al., 2008; Yapıcı and Tayyar, in a nursery box using a other problems (Nazer et al., sector consumes large amounts 2009; Chandra et al., 2009). completely randomized block 2006). The processes carried of water in various opera- The goal of the present design with three replicates. out in leather manufacture in tions (Çolak et al., 2005). The study was to assess the effects The experimental soil was KEYWORDS / Leather Industry / Seed Germination / Tannery / Wastewater / Received: 02/18/2009. Modified: 07/17/2009. Accepted: 07/17/2009. Şemun Tayyar. Agriculture Address: Çanakkale Onsekiz Ali Nail Yapıcı. Leather Tech- sor, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Engineer and Ph.D. Ege Uni- Mart University, Biga Voca- nologist and Ph.D. Ege Uni- University, Biga Vocational versity, İzmir, Turkey. Profes- tional College. 17200, Biga- versity, İzmir, Turkey. Profes- College, Çanakkale, Turkey. sor, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Çanakkale, Turkey. e-mail: University, Biga Vocational [email protected] College, Çanakkale, Turkey. 514 0378-1844/09/07/514-04 $ 3.00/0 JUL 2009, VOL. 34 Nº 7 CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS DE HABA, LENTEJA Y FRIJOL IRRIGADAS CON DIFERENTES DILUCIONES DE EFLUENTES DE PRETEÑIDO DE TENERÍA Şemun Tayyar y Ali Nail Yapıcı RESUMEN La manufactura del cuero ha sido practicada por siglos en el sin diluir y agua corriente (control). A los 15 días después de mundo entero y en Turquía reviste gran importancia. No obs- la plantación se midieron el número de semillas germinadas, tante, la industria del cuero se asocia con la generación de porcentaje de germinación, longitud de la raíz, peso de la par- grandes cantidades de aguas residuales y residuos sólidos que te aérea y peso de la planta entera. Todas las propiedades de constituyen una amenaza para el ambiente. Se llevó a cabo un germinación variaron considerablemente, determinándose dife- experimento de germinación para determinar los efectos de di- rencias significativas (P<0,50) entre ellas. El efluente de prete- ferentes diluciones de efluentes del preteñido de una tenería so- ñido sin diluir tuvo efectos adversos y no hubo germinación en bre las características germinativas de habas, lentejas y frijol ninguna de las plantas ensayadas. Exceptuando el del efluen- común. El experimento fue diseñado como un bloque comple- te sin diluir, no hubo diferencias significativas en el número de tamente al azar con tres réplicas. Las semillas de cada espe- semillas germinadas y porcentaje de germinación, mientras que cie fueron sembradas e irrigadas con diferentes diluciones de se observaron diferencias entre los tratamientos en las demás efluentes (1:10, 1:40 y 1:80 agua corriente:efluente), efluente características. CARACTERÍSTICAS DA GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DE FEIJÃO-FAVA, LENTILHA E FEIJÃO COMUM IRRIGADAS COM DIFERENTES DILUIÇÕES DE EFLUENTES DE PRE TINGIMENTO DE CURTUME Şemun Tayyar e Ali Nail Yapıcı RESUMO A manufatura do couro tem sido praticada por séculos no luir e água corrente (controle). Aos 15 dias após a plantação mundo inteiro e na Turquía reveste grande importância. No en- foram medidos; o número de sementes germinadas, porcentagem tanto, a indústria do couro está associada à geração de grandes de germinação, longitude da raíz, peso da parte aérea e peso quantidades de águas residuais e resíduos sólidos que consti- da planta inteira. Todas as propriedades de germinação varia- tuem uma ameaça para o ambiente. Realizou-se um experimen- ram consideravelmente, determinando-se diferenças significati- to de germinação para determinar os efeitos de diferentes di- vas (P<0,50) entre elas. O efluente de pre tingimento sem di- luições de efluentes do pre tingimento de um curtume sobre as luir teve efeitos adversos e não houve germinação em nenhuma características germinativas de feijões de fava, lentilhas e feijão das plantas ensaiadas. Com excesão do efluente sem diluir, não comum. O experimento foi desenhado como um bloco completa- houve diferenças significativas no número de sementes germina- mente aleatório com três réplicas. As sementes de cada espécie das e porcentagem de germinação, enquanto que se observaram foram plantadas e irrigadas com diferentes diluições de efluen- diferenças entre os tratamentos nas demais características. tes (1:10, 1:40 e 1:80 água corrente:efluente), efluente sem di- clay-loam with pH 7.5, EC ure 1). These effluents were tic boxes (80×50×20cm) and Results and Discussion 0.55mS·cm-1, organic matter finally mixed together and irrigated with equal volumes content of 2.45%, lime 0.80%, from this bulk dilutions of of the undiluted effluent, the Seed germination and seed- P 56kg·da-1 and K 80kg·da-1 1:10, 1:40 and 1:80 (w/w) three dilutions or tap water. ling growth of broad bean, (Anonymous, 2008). Twenty were prepared with tap water. They were kept at room tem- common bean and lentil ir- seeds were planted into the They were analyzed according perature. rigated with undiluted pre- experimental soil for every to the standard methods for Fifteen days planting, the tanning effluent, different ef- replication and allowed to the examination of water and seedlings were carefully up- fluent dilutions (1:10, 1:40 and germinate. No fertilizers or waste waters (APHA, 1998) rooted and the following seed 1:80) and tap water (control) chemicals were applied during in the Bursa Environmental germination and growth traits are reported. The physico- the experiment. Counseling Center Laboratory were measured: germinated chemical properties of the ef- Pre-tanning wastewater was (Accredited by TURKAK), seeds (number), germination fluents varied greatly (Table obtained by processing wet- Bursa Chamber of Commerce percentage (%), root length I).