https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ Theses Digitisation: https://www.gla.ac.uk/myglasgow/research/enlighten/theses/digitisation/ This is a digitised version of the original print thesis. Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] THE DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS GUO Yisheng Submitted As A Thesis For The Degree Of Master Of Science In Engineering Department Of Mechanical Engineering Faculty Of Engineering Univrsity Of Glasgow © Guo Yisheng June 1989 ProQuest Number: 10983542 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10983542 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 My Homeland i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express many thanks to my supervisors Dr. Maggie J. Pollock, Mr. Finlay D. Buchan for their guidance, advice and constant encouragement throughout this research. I would also like to extend my thanks to Mr. Andreas S. Tsiotsias for his advice and help during this research. Thanks are also due to Professor Brian F. Scott, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering for general guidance and the use of equipment and facilities in the Department. Special thanks are due to Mr. Campbell Semple, Consultant of Western Infirmary for his advice, information, invaluable discussion and help. Many thanks are due to: Professor Henry H. Y. Wong whose help and encouragement was most appreciated. Staff of the Department of Mechanical engineering especially: Mrs. C. Carmichael, Mrs. L. McCormick, Mr. W. Robertson. Staff of Western Infirmary, Gartnavel General Hospital and Glasgow Dental Hospital for their help. Staff of Robert Clark Centre of Technological Education especially: Miss Elaine Cowell for their help. Many friends whose help and advice will never be forgotten. My thanks are reserved for my father, mother, brothers and sister for their support through the years. Finally, many thanks are due to the government of the People's Republic of China for their financial support. ABSTRACT Artificial finger joints have been developed for the past 30 years, and a number of these prostheses has been applied in medical practice. The Swanson prosthesis has enjoyed extensive use over a number of years. However, the main disadvantage of this type of prosthesis is its lack of longterm fixation. Experience has shown that a substantial number of the joints become ineffective within one year after surgery and consequently need to be replaced. The shortcomings of the Swanson prosthesis are mainly attributable to the following factors: 1) Material selected for manufacture; 2) The geometrical design of the stems of the finger joints prostheses. The present work investigates methods of improving the design of the Swanson joint by looking particularly into the factors outlined above. An investigation into the materials used for artificial joint prostheses was carried out, and suggestions for the use of material in finger joint prostheses is made. The design of artificial finger joints was also scrutinized, and in order to improve the geometrical aspects of the joint, the irregularities of the shape of the bone cavity were modelled. The work concentrated on the metacarpophalangeal joint and bones. The set of tools employed in the modelling aspects of this work iii comprised a CT scanner, X-ray and photography equipment and two different software packages for geometry definition and manipulation. It was found that data obtained by CT scanning were not sufficiently accurate for modelling, this technique, however, deserves further investigation. Instead, the bones were sliced and X-rays and photographs were combined together and used to obtain data for modelling. A number of possible methods for further modelling are recommended alongside considerations for improved artificial joint design. CONTENTS Acknowlegements i Abstract ii Contents iv List of Figures and Tables vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Plan 4 1.4 Techniques required 4 1.5 Structure of the thesis 5 Chapter 2. Hand Anatomy 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 The joints and bones of the hand 8 2.3 Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the hand 8 2.3.1 Features of the MCP joint and their kinematic function 9 2.3.2 Anatomical struture of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint 13 2.4 Joint range 14, 2.4.1 Normal range of movement 14 2.4.2 Functional range of movement 17 2.5 Disease of the hand 17 Chapter 3. Metacarpo-phalangeal joint replacement 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 The development of finger joint replacement 20 3.3 The assesment and requirements of the joint prostheses 24 3.4 Summary of the typical joint prostheses 25 3.5 Conclusions 36 V Chapter 4. Materials Used For Joint Prosthesis 4.1 Introduction 38 4.2 Materials requirements 38 4.2.1 Mechanical functionality 38 4.2.2 Biocompatibility 39 4.3 Materials employed in the finger joint reoplacement 40 4.3.1 Metals 41 4.3.2 Polymers 47 4.3.3 Ceramics 52 4.4 Internal fixation 53 4.5 Conclusions 55 Chapter 5. Techniques Required 5.1 Introduction 57 5.2 Medical instrumentation 57 5.2.1 X-ray 57 5.2.2 Computerized-tomography (CT) 58 5.3 Computer-aided design (CAD) 62 5.3.1 Introduction 62 5.3.1.1 The conventional procedure for mechanical design 62 5.3.1.2 The development of CAD 65 5.3.2 Classification of CAD system 66 5.3.2.1 User/computer dialogue system 68 5.3.2.2 Non-user/computer dialogue system 69 5.3.3 Application example 70 5.3.4 Discussion 73 5.4 Computer aided modelling 76 5.5 Conclusions 78 Chapter 6. Methods For Solid Modelling Of Metacarpo-phalangeal Joint And Bones Of The Hand 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Solid modelling using Computer Tomographic data in GEOMOD 6.2.1 Introduction 80 6.2.2 Data for solid modelling 81 6.2.3 Hardware and Software 81 6.2.3.1 Hardware 81 6.23.2 Software 83 6.2.4 Procedure used to create the solid model 85 6.2.4.1 Input data 85 6.2.4.2 Creating solid model 90 6.2.5 Results 90 6.3 Solid modelling using Computer Tomographic data with CATIA 6.3.1 Introduction 91 6.3.2 Hardware and Software 91 6.3.2.1 Hardware 63.2.2 Software 92 6.3.3 Procedure used to create the model 94 6.3.4 Results 97 6.4 Solid modelling using cadaveric data from X-ray ^ 6.4.1 Introduction 98 6.4.2 Method of data aquisition 100 6.4.3 Procedure to input data 101 6.4.4 Improved method for data acquisition 102 6.5 Solid modelling using cadaveric data from photography 6.5.1 Introduction 113 6.5.2 Method for gaining the data 114 6.5.3 Procedure to create model and results 118 6.6 Discussion 121 v ii Chapter 7. Condusions And Recommendations 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Conclusions 139 7.3 Recommendations for the further work 144 References 147 viii LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figures Page Fig. 1.1 Swanson prostheses 3 Fig. 2.1 Bones and joints of the hand 7 Fig. 2.3.2 Anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal joint 10 Fig. 2.3.3 Lateral view of the metacarpo-phalangeal joint 12 Fig. 2.3.5 Photo of slices of Metacarpo-phalangeal bone 15 Fig. 2.3.6 X-ray of the bones 16 Fig. 3.2.1 The first finger joint prosthesis invented by Flatt in 1960 22 Fig. 3.4.2.1 Calnan-Nicalle Prosthesis 32 Fig. 3.4.3.1 Niebauer Prosthesis 35 Fig. 3.4.4.1 StGeorge Prosthesis 35 Fig. 5.1 Four generations of X-ray CT scanner 60 Fig. 5.3.1.1 The traditional procedure of mechanical design 63 Fig. 5.3.1.2 Main process to mechanical design 64 Fig. 53.3.2 Application of computer to design process 64 Fig. 5.3.3.1 General way of CAD 71 Fig. 533.2 Structure of a parametric program 71 Fig. 6.2.2.1 The procedure of obtaining data for modelling 110 Fig. 6.2.2.2 Photo used to digitize the profile of a section into computer 82 Fig. 6.2.3.0 Modular family of GEOMOD 83 Fig. 6.2.3.1 IBM 5080/5085 Graphics Workstation 87 Fig. 6.2.4.1 The relationship between the tablet and workplane 87 ( ix Fig. 6.2.4.2 The second method to input the data 88 Fig. 6.2.5.1(1) The model created by the second method 89 Fig.