herpes and vitreous haemorrhage, retinal haemorrhage, retinitis, choroidosis and optic neuritis. He also wrote on applying the procedure of acupuncture to the treatment of stye, paralysis of nerve III, VII. He is awarded the title "Peoples doctor". He attended international prevention of blindness conferences in Sydney and Milano. (SM) Naito, Ryuichi (1883-1943) Japanese ophthalmologist and a student of Prof. ÆKOMOTO Jujiro. He developed an electric direct ophthalmoscope in 1913 (J. Jpn Ophthalmol. Soc. Vol 17). The Naito Ophthalmoscope is used throughout Japan even today. (SM) Nakagawa, Junichi (1903-1991) Japanese ophthalmologist and Professor of Ophthalmology of Nihon University. He was a graduate from Tokyo University in 1927, and he studied Ophthalmology under Prof. ISHIHARA Shinobu and received the degree Doctor of Medical Sciences from Tokyo University in 1937. He was the Professor of Ophthalmology of Nihon University during 1938-1945. After the World War II, he moved to the Head of the Eye Clinic of Sapporo City Hospital and then served as the Director of Ryuichi Naito the Hospital during 1961-1968. He was a leading specialist in strabismology, and at the 62nd Congress of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society held in 1958, he gave a lecture “Treatment of non-comitant strabismus – with particular attention to the surgery of oblique muscles” as one of the symposists. (SM) Nakagawa, Takashi (1935-) Japanese ophthalmologist, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University. Born as the son NAKAGAWA Junichi, he graduated from Sapporo Medical College in 1961, studied Ophthalmology at the College under Prof.SUEYOSHI Toshizo and received his Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1966 (thesis: Topographic anatomy of the orbit and its contents, J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. 69: 2155, 1965). He extended his studies as a Fellow at the Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, Down State Medical Center (1966-1967) and also at the Cider-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (1967-1968). He was promoted to Assistant Professor at Sapporo Medical College in 1971, and then appointed to the present position in 1986. His research interest has been in strabismus, paediatric Ophthalmology, and some example of his many publications are „Deteriorated Junichi Nakagawa accommodative esotropia”. Reinecke, R.D. (ed.): Strabismus, p.149-156, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1982 and Esotropia, in System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 6: 263-272, Nakayama Shoten, Tokyo, 1994. He serves as a Councillor to the Japanese Ophthalmological Society (1986-), to the Japanese Society of Neuro-ophthalmology (1986-), to the Japanese Society of Strabismus and Amblyopia (1975). He has also served as the Chairman of the Hokkaido Eye Bank Association since 1999. He is the recipient of the Distinguished Service Award of the Japanese Society of Strabismus and Amblyopia in 1995, for the excellence of his contributions. (Department of Ophthalmology, Sapporo Medical University, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku , Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan, phone:+81-11-611- 2111, (ext. 3440) fax: +81-11-611-1189, e-mail: [email protected] )(SM) Nakaizumi, Yukifumi (1932- ) Japanese ophthalmologist, Board Member of the Trustees of Kenikai Institute (Institute for History of Ophthalmology) and of the Japan Society for the Prevention of Blindness (JNSPB). Born into an Ophthalmology family as the 5th generation (son of NAKAIZUMI Yukimasa), he graduated from Yokohama City University, Medical School, in 1955, and studied Ophthalmology at Tokyo University under Prof. HAGIWARA Hogara and received his Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1964 (thesis: Electron microscopic studies of the cornea, No. 1: J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. 64: 1066, 1960, No.2: ibid. 65, 79, 1961). He extended his study at the Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco (1961-1963) and conducted research with Dr. Michael Hogan (Ultrastructure of Bruch‘s membrane. Arch. of Ophthalmol. 72:380, 1964). He has been in the present position at Kenikai since 1977 and at the JNSPB since 1986. He also served as an editor to the Jpn. J. Clin. Ophthalmol. (1987-1999). He is in charge of the Kenikai Institute and is interested in the History of Ophthalmology. He wrote “History of the Japan Society for Prevention of Trachoma (present JNSPB), 1985” Yukifumi Nakaizumi and is a co-author of “History of Ophthalmology in Japan, Centennial Publication of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society, 1997”. (Kenikai Institute; 5-3-8 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0061. phone:81-3-3571-0194; fax: 81-3-3571-0294)(SM) Nakaizumi, Yukimasa (1897-1978) Japanese ophthalmologist, founder of the Japanese Society of Clinical Ophthalmology and the Japanese Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 145 He was the son of ÆNAKAIZUMI Yukinori. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1922 and studied Ophthalmology at the Postgraduate School of the University under Prof. ÆISHIHARA Shinobu; he received the degree Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1930. He developed an original ocular prosthesis in 1930: he reported “Progress in Prosthesis in Japan” in J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. Vol. 40,1936. After the World War II, he founded, together with NAKAMURA Yasushi, the Japanese Society of Clinical Ophthalmology in 1947, which is the largest Society of Clinical Ophthalmology in Japan today. He also revived the Japan Society for the Prevention of Trachoma in 1950 and served as the President: this is the presently Japan National Society for the Prevention of Blindness. While he practiced at Nakaizumi Eye Hospital founded by his father, he established “Ken- I-Kai: the Institute for the study of the History of Ophthalmology” and the Library is maintained by his son, Nakaizumi Yukifumi. The Library has a great number of Japanese classical books of Ophthalmology and gives free access to those interested in research of History of Ophthalmology. (SM) Yukimasa Nakaizumi Nakaizumi, Yukinori (1871-1945) Japanese ophthalmologist, the first Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology at Tokyo University. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1896 and studied Ophthalmology under Prof. ÆKOMOTO Jujiro, and was promoted to the first Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology at Tokyo University in 1902, and he served in this position until 1921. During his tenure, he studied at University of Freiburg in 1910-1912 under Prof. Th.ÆAxenfeld. After retirement from Tokyo University, he founded Nakaizumi Eye Hospital in Tokyo and trained many Ophthalmologists. He kept detailed records of the Department of Ophthalmology of Tokyo University, and wrote “History of the Department of Ophthalmology of Tokyo Imperial University” in J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. 17:1,1913. He was a collector of Japanese classical books of Ophthalmology: the large collection is now in possession of the Ken-I-Kai Library (ÆNAKAIZUMUI Yukimasa). Nakajima, Akira (1923- ) Japanese ophthalmologist, Professor Emeritus of Juntendo University. He graduated from Tokyo University in 1945, studied Ophthalmology under Prof. SHOJI Yoshiharu and received the degree Doctor of Medical Sciences in 1953 (thesis: Theory of determination of refractive errors, series of articles: J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. 56: 50, 87, 135, 209, 259, 1952). From 1949 to 1954, he worked as the Chief of the Eye Clinic of Hanaoka Mine Hospital and had joint appointment as the Public Health Officer of the Mine. He carried out research on Trachoma (Rev. Inter. Trachoma 4: 398 1957) and also on the fundus changes in hypertension (Juntendo Med. J. 1: 40, 1956). He published a new method of phacometry (J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc.59: 783 1955). He was appointed the Assistant Professor of Juntendo University under Prof.ÆSATO Tsutomu. He studied for 2 years in 1956-1958 at Royal Eye Hospital under Prof. Arnold Sorsby and conducted research on the experimental degeneration of the retina (Ophthalmologica 136: 417, 1958). Prof. SATO passed away in June 1960 and he was promoted to the Professor and Chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology of Juntendo University as the successor to Prof. SATO and worked in this position until retirement in 1989. His research interest covered wide areas of Ophthalmology, i.e. refractive errors, contact lenses, Ophthalmic genetics, electrodiagnosis, retinal degeneration, keratoplasty, glaucoma, lasers in Ophthalmology, Ocular Pharmacology, Rehabilitation, Prevention of Blindness etc. He delivered a Special Report “Evaluation of ERG as a clinical method of examination. J. Jpn. Ophthalmol. Soc. 66: 1595, 1962) at the 66th Congress of the Society, “Measurements of the refractive elements of the eye. Ibid. 72: 2059, 1968” and the Society‘s Award Lecture “Prevention of Blindness and heredity in Ophthalmology. Ibid. 86: 1834, 1982”. His professional activities are numerous: he played a key role with Prof. IMAIZUMI Kitetsu and Prof. KUWAHARA Yasuharu in the enactment of the “Keratoplasty Act” in 1958 and in the Foundation of the Japan Eye Bank Association where he served as an Executive Director from 1965 to 1998. He also served as a member of many Government Councils. He has been an Executive Director of the Japan National Society for the Prevention of Blindness since 1987. His international activities are extensive: in Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology he served as Vice-President (1972- 1974), President (1974-1976), Secretary General (1976-1991). In the International Ophthalmology, he served as the President of the 23rd International Congress in Kyoto in 1978, Member of the International Council since 1974, President of the Council in 1990- 146 1998 and he was named an Honorary Life President in 1998. In Afro-Asian Ophthalmological Society, he served as a Councillor (1968-1972), Vice-President (1972- 1986) and he was named an Honorary Member of the Society. He is a Founding Member of the Academia Ophthalmologica Internaitonalis and served as the Secretary General (1980-1988) and the President (1988-1990). He is a recipient of many Awards, e.g. Axenfeld Medal (1978), Gonin Medal (1986), Jose-Rizal Medal (1987), CCRG Medal (1987), Distinguished Service Award of the American Academy of Ophthalmology in 1997, Pan Arab African Council of Ophthalmology Gold Medal (1999) and the Honour Award of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (1999).