2011 ASIAN MIGRATION OUTLOOK SCALABRINI MIGRATION CENTER ASIAN MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2011 The country reports were written by Karen Anne S. Liao, with overall supervision provided by Graziano Battistella and Maruja Asis. Valentin Mendoza prepared the bibliography of selected publications on mi- gration in Asia and Oceania. Ma. Leonila Domingo did the layout of the report. Asian Migration Outlook 2011 Copyright © Scalabrini Migration Center 2012 First published 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without permission from SMC. Scalabrini Migration Center #40 Matapat St., Bgy. Pinyahan, 1100 Quezon City - Philippines Tel. (63-2) 436-7915 Fax: (63-2) 434-7692 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.smc.org.ph ISSN 2244-2294 Printed in the Philippines 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Technical Notes I. Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 15 II. Data Sources ................................................................................................................................... 19 List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Country Profiles ASIA CENTRAL ASIA ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Kazakhstan ............................................................................................................................... 25 Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................ 29 Tajikistan .................................................................................................................................. 31 Turkmenistan ........................................................................................................................... 35 Uzbekistan ................................................................................................................................ 37 EAST ASIA............................................................................................................................................ 39 China ........................................................................................................................................ 41 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea ................................................................................... 47 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ............................................................................... 51 Japan ........................................................................................................................................ 55 Macau Special Administrative Region ...................................................................................... 61 Republic of Korea ..................................................................................................................... 65 Taiwan ...................................................................................................................................... 69 SOUTH ASIA ........................................................................................................................................ 73 Afghanistan .............................................................................................................................. 75 Bangladesh ............................................................................................................................... 79 India ......................................................................................................................................... 83 Nepal ........................................................................................................................................ 89 Pakistan .................................................................................................................................... 93 Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................... 97 SOUTHEAST ASIA .............................................................................................................................. 101 Brunei Darussalam ................................................................................................................. 103 Burma ..................................................................................................................................... 107 3 Cambodia ............................................................................................................................... 113 Indonesia ................................................................................................................................ 119 Lao People’s Democratic Republic ......................................................................................... 125 Malaysia ................................................................................................................................. 129 Philippines .............................................................................................................................. 137 Singapore ............................................................................................................................... 147 Thailand ................................................................................................................................. 153 Vietnam.................................................................................................................................. 159 WEST ASIA/MIDDLE EAST ................................................................................................................ 165 Bahrain ................................................................................................................................... 167 Iran ......................................................................................................................................... 171 Iraq ......................................................................................................................................... 175 Israel ....................................................................................................................................... 179 Jordan ..................................................................................................................................... 183 Kuwait .................................................................................................................................... 187 Lebanon ................................................................................................................................. 191 Oman ...................................................................................................................................... 195 Qatar ...................................................................................................................................... 197 Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................................... 201 Syria ........................................................................................................................................ 205 United Arab Emirates ............................................................................................................. 209 Yemen ..................................................................................................................................... 213 OCEANIA ........................................................................................................................................... 217 Australia ................................................................................................................................. 219 New Zealand .......................................................................................................................... 225 Journal Articles on Migration, 2010 ........................................................................................................... 231 4 FOREWORD The Asian Migration Outlook 2011 (AMO) is a review of the migration related events that transpired in Asia and Oceania in 2010. AMO is a new stage in the Scalabrini Migration Center’s (SMC) various efforts to promote the dissemination of migration information in Asia. The beginnings of AMO date back to the early 1990s, when the World Wide Web was not yet widespread in the region. Picking up on an initiative of the International Labour Organization Regional Office in the Asia-Pacific which was going to be discontinued, SMC started distributing Migration Clippings, a collection of newspaper clippings on migration-related issues, organized by topic and by country. It was sent on a periodic basis to diplomatic posts and the academic network. In the editorial of the first issue of that initiative, it was foreseen that it was going