View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Pakistan Research Repository POND CULTURE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SEENGHAREE, SPERATA SEENGHALA (SYKES) MUHAMMAD RAMZAN ALI 07-arid-1198 Department of Zoology Faculty of Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2015 POND CULTURE AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF SEENGHAREE, SPERATA SEENGHALA (SYKES) by MUHAMMAD RAMZAN ALI (07-arid-1198) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Department of Zoology Faculty of Sciences Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan 2015 ii CERTIFICATION I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis falls under plagiarism. If found otherwise, at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences Student’s Name: Muhammad Ramzan Ali Signature: ________________ Registration No: 07- arid- 1198 Date: ________________ Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled “Pond Culture and Reproductive Performance of Seengharee, Sperata seenghala (Sykes)” submitted by Mr. Muhammad Ramzan Ali have been found satisfactory for the requirement of degree. Supervisor: ______________________ (Dr. Shamim Akhter) Co-Supervisor: _______________________ (Dr. Muhammad Afzal) Member: __________________________ (Dr. Mazhar Qayyum) Member: _________________________ (Dr. S. M. Saqlan Naqvi) Chairman, Department of Zoology: ________________________ Dean, Faculty of Sciences: _________________________ Director, Advanced Studies: _________________________ iii DEDICATED TO MY THE LOVING MOTHER WHO IS NO LONGER WITH ME BUT WITHIN ME iv CONTENTS Page List of Tables ix List of Figures xi List of Plates xiii List of Abbreviations xiv Acknowledgments xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7 2.1 TRANSPORTATION OF SEENGHAREE 8 2.2 LENGTH WEIGHT / MORPHOMETRY 11 2.3 ACCLIMATIZATION 14 2.4 DIETS DEVELOPMENT 17 2.5 WATER QUALITY 27 2.6 REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE 31 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 37 3.1 STUDY SITE 37 3.2 SITES IDENTIFICATION, COLLECTION OF S. 37 SEENGHALA FROM NATURAL HABITAT AND ITS RANSPORTATION 3.2.1 Sites selection and collection of S. seenghala 38 3.2.2 Transportation of S. seenghala 38 3.2.2.1 Transportation of large size Seengharee using hauling tanks 39 3.2.2.1.1 Experimental design 39 3.2.2.1.2 Fish loading and Transportation 40 3.2.2.2 Transportation of Fingerlings of S. seenghala 40 3.2.2.2.1 Experimental design 40 3.2.2.2.2 Experimental procedure for transportation 41 v 3.2.2.3 Water quality analysis 41 3.2.2.4 Data analysis 41 3.3 ACCLIMATIZATION OF SEENGHAREE UNDER 42 CAPTIVE CONDITIONS AND TAXONOMIC STUDY 3.3.1 Treatment of Injured Fish 42 3.3.2 Acclimatization in Captivity 42 3.3.2.1 Fish stocking and feeding the fish 42 3.3.2.2 Cannibalism study 43 3.3.2.3 Water quality 44 3.3.3 Meristic and Morphometeric Study of S. seenghala 46 3.3.3.1 Meristic study 46 3.3.3.2 Morphometric study 46 3.3.4 Length Weight Relationship of Seengharee, S. seenghala 47 3.4 DIET DEVELOPMENT FOR SEENGHAREE FROM 47 LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEED INGREDIENTS 3.4.1 Growth Performance of Seengharee Fed on Diets Having 47 Different Crude Protein Levels 3.4.1.1 Experimental design 47 3.4.1.2 Experimental diets 48 3.4.1.3 Experimental procedure 48 3.4.1.4 Data analysis 49 3.4.2 Replacement of Animal Protein with Plant Protein in the Diet 51 of Seengharee 3.4.2.1 Experimental Design 51 3.4.2.2 Feed Preparation 51 3.4.2.3 Experimental Procedure 53 3.4.2.4 Data analysis 53 3.4.3 Effect of Variable Feeding Rates on Growth Performance of 53 S. seenghala in Captivity 3.4.3.1 Experimental design 53 3.4.3.2 Experimental procedure 54 vi 3.4.3.3 Sample collection and analysis 54 3.4.3.4 Data analysis 55 55 3.5 PERFORMANCE OF S. SEENGHALA 3.5.1 Growth Performance of Seengharee in Cemented Raceways 55 and Earthen Ponds 3.5.1.1 Experimental design 56 3.5.1.2 Fish stocking and pond management 56 3.5.1.3 Water quality analysis. 57 3.5.1.4 Data analysis 57 3.5.2 Reproductive Performance of Seengharee 57 3.5.2.1 Brood fish development 57 3.5.2.2 Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) 58 3.5.2.3 Fecundity and relative fecundity 58 3.5.2.4 Data analyses 59 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 60 4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL SITES, COLLECTION 60 OF SEENGHAREE AND ITS TRANSPORTATION 4.1.1 Site Selection and Collection of S. seenghala 60 4.1.2 Transportation of S. Seenghala 63 4.1.2.1 Transportation of large size Seengharee using hauling tanks 64 4.1.2.2 Transportation of Seengharee fingerlings in oxygen filled 67 polyethylene bags 4.2 ACCLIMATIZATION OF SEENGHAREE UNDER 71 CAPTIVE CONDITIONS AND TAXONOMIC STUDY 4.2.1. Acclimatization of Seengharee in Circular Tanks and 71 Raceways 4.2.2 Taxonomic Study of S. seenghala 79 4.2.3 Length Weight Relationship of Seengharee 83 4.3 DIET DEVELOPMENT FOR SEENGHAREE FROM 88 LOCALLY AVAILABLE FEED INGREDIENTS vii 4.3.1 Growth Performance of Seengharee Fed on Diets Having 88 Different Crude Protein Levels 4.3.2 Replacement of Animal Protein with Plant Protein in the Diet 96 of S. seenghala 4.3.3 Effect of Variable Feeding Rates on Growth Performance of 103 S. seenghala in Captivity 4.4 PERFORMANCE OF SEENGHAREE IN EARTHEN PONDS 110 4.4.1 Growth Performance of S. seenghala Cemented Raceways and 110 Earthen Ponds. 4.4.2 Brood stock Development and Reproductive Performance of 118 S. seenghala SUMMARY 126 LITERATURE CITED 131 viii LIST OF TABLES No Page 1 Percentage and proximate analysis of feed having different 50 protein levels formulated from locally available feed ingredients 2 Composition and proximate analysis of different diets 52 containing varying concentration of plant and animal protein sources 3 Numbers of fish (S. seenghala) captured from river, dam 62 and ponds using different nets 4 Survival (%) of large sized Seengharee during 66 transportation in hauling tanks having different anesthesia and loading density 5 Survival of fingerlings of Seengharee in oxygen filled 69 polyethylene bags during transportation from Sajawal, Sindh to NARC, Islamabad. 6 Comparison of growth performance of Seengharee in 73 indoor fiber glass tanks and outdoor concrete raceways during acclimatization 7 Effect of segregation on cumulative mean percent survival 78 of Seengharee kept in circular tanks over a time of five weeks 8 Selected Morphometric Features of Seengharee, S. 81 seenghala 9 Meristic counts of Seengharee from Mangla Lake 82 10 The parameters of regression of total length (TL) on body 86 weight (W) for Seengharee ix 11 Growth performance of Seengharee fingerlings fed on diet 91 containing 25, 30, 35 and 40 % CP 12 Water quality characteristics during culture of seengharee 93 fed different CP levels 13 Carcass composition of S. seenghala fingerlings fed with 94 diets containing different protein levels 14 Growth performance of S. seenghala fed on diets 100 containing different ratio of animal and plant proteins 15 Water quality parameters during replacement of animal 101 protein in feed of Seengharee with plant protein in fiberglass circular tanks 16 Growth performance of S. seenghala fingerlings at 2, 4, 6 106 and 8% of wet fish body weight daily 17 Growth Performance of S. seenghala Juvenile Cultured In 112 Ponds and Race Ways 18 Production Characteristics of S. seenghala juvenile 116 cultured in ponds and raceways 19 Physico-chemical parameters of water recorded during 117 study period (March– December) in ponds and raceways 20 Descriptive statistics of data (three replications) of S. 123 Seenghala fecundity and other parameters 21 Correlation coefficient “r” between body weight, length, 124 gonad weight, GSI and relative fecundity of S. seenghala x LIST OF FIGURES No. Page 1 Diagram of external morphometric characteristics of S. 45 seenghala 2 Map of Pakistan showing the rivers, survey sites and collection 61 sites of Seengharee from natural habitat 3 Mortality (%) of Seengharee during transportation in hauling 65 tanks 4 The important water parameters during transportation in 70 oxygen filled polyethylene bags from Sajawal, Sindh to AFP, NARC Islamabad. 5 Survival rate (%) of Seengharee during acclimatization in 75 circular tanks and raceways 6 Effect of segregation on cumulative mean percent cannibalism 77 of S. seenghala kept in circular tanks over a time of 5 weeks 7 Length weight relationship of S. seenghala 85 8 Effect of different diets containing different levels of 90 crude protein on the weight increment of S. seenghala fingerlings 9 Relationship of SGR and dietary protein levels for S. seenghala 95 fingerlings fed feeds of various protein levels 10 Weight increment of S. seenghala fingerlings fed on diets 99 containing different ratio of animal and plant proteins 11 Second-order polynomial relation of SGR and animal protein 102 levels in diet for S. seenghala fingerlings 12 Weight increment of S. seenghala fingerlings at 2, 4, 6 and 8% 105 of wet fish body weight daily 13 Second-order polynomial relation of specific growth rate (SGR) 107 and feeding rates for S. seenghala fingerlings xi 14 Relationship between cost and profit at different feeding rates of 108 S. seenghala 15 Growth curve of S. seenghala cultured in cemented race ways 111 and earthen ponds 16 Monthly weight gain of S. seenghala stocked in ponds and 115 raceways during the study period. 17 Monthly changes in Gonadosomatic Index of S. seenghala kept 120 in captivity 18 Relationship between fecundity and length, body 121 weight and ovary weight of S.