Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Violence In The Wake Of Civil War: Investigating The Transformation Of Intergroup Relations In Nepal And Mozambique Thesis How to cite: Walker, Craig (2017). Violence In The Wake Of Civil War: Investigating The Transformation Of Intergroup Relations In Nepal And Mozambique. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 2016 The Author https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000c49e Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk Violence In The Wake Of Civil War: Investigating The Transformation Of Intergroup Relations In Nepal And Mozambique By Craig Walker, BSc, MSc Ph.D. Thesis in Development, Policy and Practice, Open University (September 2016) 1 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................. 5 List of acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................. 6 Chapter 1 The end of civil war and the need to transform intergroup conflict .................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 The problem of intergroup violence ............................................................................. 9 1.2 Research aim and questions ...........................................................................................12 1.3 Investigating transformation of intergroup conflict .............................................13 1.4 Understanding intergroup conflict, violence and civil war .................................19 1.5 Argument and contributions ..........................................................................................23 1.6 Thesis structure ..................................................................................................................24 Chapter 2 Understanding post-war violence and the transformation of intergroup conflict .......................................................................................................... 26 Introduction ................................................................................................................................26 2.1 Explaining post-war violence .........................................................................................27 2.2 Conflict transformation ....................................................................................................31 2.3 Explaining transformation of intergroup conflict ..................................................34 2.4 Critical reflection on the theory ....................................................................................43 2.5 Beyond the transformation process ............................................................................49 2.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................56 Chapter 3 Methodology ................................................................................................. 58 Introduction ................................................................................................................................58 3.1 Motivation for research design .....................................................................................58 3.2 Critical social constructivism .........................................................................................59 3.3 Qualitative methods ..........................................................................................................63 3.4 Case studies ..........................................................................................................................70 3.5 Data sourcing and management ...................................................................................74 3.6 Data analysis ........................................................................................................................86 3.7 Methodological limitations and assumptions ..........................................................92 3.8 Summary ................................................................................................................................97 Chapter 4 Intergroup conflict in context: the cases of Nepal and Mozambique ...................................................................................................................... 98 Introduction ................................................................................................................................98 4.1 Nepal .......................................................................................................................................99 4.2 Mozambique ...................................................................................................................... 114 4.3 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 126 Chapter 5 Violence as political strategy: implications for transforming intergroup conflict ........................................................................................................ 127 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 127 5.1 Civil-war-contingent violence ..................................................................................... 129 5.2 Efforts to transform relations ..................................................................................... 149 5.3 Creating space for change ............................................................................................. 155 5.4 The need for political reconciliation ........................................................................ 166 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 172 2 Chapter 6 A peace for whom? Peacebuilding, political representation and the future of intergroup violence ............................................................................. 174 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 174 6.1 A disconnected peace ..................................................................................................... 175 6.2 The representative–constituent connection ......................................................... 191 6.3 Transformation – the village perspective............................................................... 204 6.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 220 Chapter 7 Conclusions ................................................................................................. 221 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 221 7.1 Empirical findings ........................................................................................................... 223 7.2 Implications and contributions .................................................................................. 228 7.3 Reflections on the research ......................................................................................... 230 7.4 Recommendations for future research ................................................................... 235 7.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 238 References ........................................................................................................................ 241 Appendices ....................................................................................................................... 269 Appendix A: interview questions ...................................................................................... 269 Appendix B: thematic node structure for data analysis ........................................... 272 Appendix C: interview codes .............................................................................................. 273 Appendix D: fieldwork timeline ........................................................................................ 276 Appendix E: Lederach’s (1997) ‘levels of action’ in peacebuilding ...................... 277 3 Abstract When a civil war ends there is a formal cessation of hostilities between the warring groups. Yet the termination of fighting does not necessarily end the violence, which can persist into post-war years. The study of post-civil war violence as a distinct phenomenon is dominated by explanations that