RESEARCH IN MEDICINAL and AROMATIC PLANTS Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI RESEARCH IN MEDICINAL and AROMATIC PLANTS EDITOR Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI AUTHORS Res. Ass. Damla KIRCI Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜMÜŞÇÜ Res. Ass. Gülsüm BOSDANCI Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL Res. Ass. PhD. Parizad MAVANDI Prof. Dr. Kudret KEVSEROĞLU Res. Ass. Tuğsen DOĞRU Prof. Dr. Yavuz BAĞCI Res. Ass. Tansu USKUTOĞLU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra UÇAR SÖZMEN PhD. Aynur BİLMEZ ÖZÇINAR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hülya KAYNAR PhD. Fatemeh AHMADİ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuraniye ERUYGUR Teaching Assistant Emine TONUS Assist. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ Teaching Assistant Hasan DURUKAN Assist. Prof. Dr. Ayça TAŞ Msc. Agricultural Engineer Assist. Prof. Dr. Amir RAHİMİ Undergraduate Azime TEKE Assist. Prof. Dr. Emel KARACA ÖNER Undergraduate Merve YENER Assist. Prof. Dr. Eissa ZARIFI Undergraduate Şerife AKKUŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Emine AYDIN YURTERİ Undergraduate Şevki Furkan AKÇAAY Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatma AYAZ Assist Prof. Dr. Gülşen GÜÇLÜ Assist. Prof. Dr. Meryem YEŞİL Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Merve ERGÜL Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet ATAŞ Assist. Prof. Dr. Süleyman DOĞU Copyright © 2020 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2020© ISBN: 978-625-7687-44-7 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA December / 2020 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16 x 24 cm CONTENTS PREFACE Assist Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI…………………………………1 CHAPTER 1 EVALUATION of BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY and CHEMICAL COMPONENTS of Marrubium parviflorum subsp. parviflorum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. EXTRACT Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra UÇAR Assist. Prof. Dr. Merve ERGÜL Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet ATAŞ Res. Ass. Tansu USKUTOĞLU Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL………..........................................3 CHAPTER 2 Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas: IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, AND ENZYME INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatma AYAZ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuraniye ERUYGUR Res.Ass. Gülsüm BOSDANCI Res.Ass. Damla KIRCI Res.Ass. Tuğsen DOĞRU Prof. Dr. Yavuz BAĞCI Assist. Prof. Dr. Süleyman DOĞU………………………….............25 CHAPTER 3 RİZE İLİNDE YAYILIŞ GÖSTEREN KEKİK (Thymus spp.) TÜRLERİNİN KÜLTÜRE ALINMA OLANAKLARI VE ETKEN MADDELERİNİN BELİRLENMESİ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Emine YURTERİ Prof. Dr. Kudret KEVSEROĞLU………………………………..….43 CHAPTER 4 MEDICINAL PLANTS NUTRITION Assist Prof. Dr. Amir RAHİMİ PhD. Fatemeh AHMADİ Assist Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI…………………………............77 CHAPTER 5 ODUN DIŞI BİTKİSEL ÜRÜNLER Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Emel KARACA ÖNER…………………………....95 CHAPTER 6 AGRICULTURAL AND BIOCHEMICAL OF GERMAN CHAMOMILE (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Res. Ass. PhD. Parizad MAVANDI Assist. Prof. Dr. Eissa ZARIFI Assist. Prof. Dr. Mohsen MIRZAPOUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI………………………………..135 CHAPTER 7 TIBBİ VE AROMATİK BİTKİLERDEN GÜMÜŞİ IHLAMUR (Tilia argentea) BİTKİSİNİN RENK VERME ÖZELLİKLERİ ve HASLIK DERECELERİ Doç. Dr. Hülya KAYNAR Öğr. Gör. Emine TONUS……………………………………….….171 CHAPTER 8 APPROACH TO OSTEOSARCOMA TREATMENT TO MEDICINAL PLANTS Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülşen GÜÇLÜ…………………………………..189 CHAPTER 9 Euphorbia TÜRÜNÜN GENEL ÖZELLİKLERİ Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Ayça TAŞ………………………………………….207 CHAPTER 10 EVALUATION OF THE WOUND HEALING EFFECTS OF ACHILLEA L. GENUS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nuraniye ERUYGUR Assist. Prof. Dr. Fatma AYAZ Res. Ass. Gülsüm BOSDANCI Res. Ass. Damla KIRCI Res. Ass. Tuğsen DOĞRU…………………………………………229 CHAPTER 11 THE USE OF MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE: SENSORY THERAPY GARDENS Assist. Prof. Dr. Arzu ALTUNTAŞ………………………………..249 CHAPTER 12 HALKIN TIBBİ-AROMATİK BİTKİLER KULLANIMI VE TANIMASINDA BİLİNÇ DURUMU: ÇUMRA ÖRNEĞİ Azime TEKE Merve YENER Şerife AKKUŞ Prof. Dr. Ahmet GÜMÜŞÇÜ………………………………………267 CHAPTER 13 PLANT SPECIES KNOWN AND USED AS ASPHODEL IN TURKEY Assist Prof. Dr. Doğan ARSLAN Msc. Agricultural Engineer Emine ASLAN PhD. Aynur BİLMEZ ÖZÇINAR………………………………….291 CHAPTER 14 DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN TIBBİ VE AROMATİK BİTKİLER Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Meryem YEŞİL……………………………...........305 CHAPTER 15 KURAKLIK STRESİNİN KARAKAFES OTU (Symphytum officinale L.) BİTKİSİNDE OLUŞTURDUĞU ENZİM, KLOROFİL VE RENK DEĞİŞİMLERİ Şevki Furkan AKÇAAY Doç. Dr. Esra UÇAR Öğr. Gör. Hasan DURUKAN Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Gülen ÖZYAZICI…………………………………329 PREFACE Medicinal and aromatic plants, which have the past as long as the history of humanity, were used for food, spices, and fragrance in the early periods and later developed with the alternative areas of usage such as paints, feed, and fuel. Within the process, the destruction caused by the activities for obtaining raw materials of medicinal and aromatic plants on natural ecosystems attracted attention, and nowadays, the development of new strategies for the sustainable use of medicinal and aromatic plants has become compulsory. The development of medicinal and aromatic plants is based on obtaining the appropriate amount and quality of plants in line with the demands of consumers and industrialists and increasing production and market opportunities, and issues such as their standardization, contribution to the economy, potential to take part in the crop rotation, and product diversity are considered to be important processes of the sustainable agriculture of medicinal plants. A series of research including the level of awareness on the use of medicinal plants, their use and utilization in alternative areas, and the determination of the chemical components of different species are included in this book under the name of "Medicinal Plants Research" in order to contribute to this process. I would like to thank the respected and valuable scientists who have contributed to this book, which includes new and up-to-date data, and I pay my respects with the hope that the work will be useful for the scientific world. Assist. Prof. Dr. Gülen ÖZYAZICI EDITOR 1 2 RESEARCH IN MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS CHAPTER 1 EVALUATION of BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY and CHEMICAL COMPONENTS of Marrubium parviflorum subsp. parviflorum Fisch. & C. A. Mey. EXTRACT Assoc. Prof. Dr. Esra UÇAR11 Assist. Prof. Dr. Merve ERGÜL22 Assist. Prof. Dr. Mehmet ATAŞ33 Res. Ass. Tansu USKUTOĞLU44 Prof. Dr. Belgin COŞGE ŞENKAL44 1 Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Vocational School, Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Department, Sivas, Turkey1 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6327-4779, e-mail: eucar@ cumhuriyet.edu.tr 2 Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology Department, Sivas, Turkey2 ORCID ID: 0000-0003-4661-8087, e-mail: [email protected] 3 Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Sivas, Turkey3 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9425-0080, e-mail: atasmehmet @gmail.com 4 Yozgat Bozok University, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Yozgat, Turkey 4 ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6631-1723, e-mail: tansu.uskutoglu @bozok.edu.tr, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7330-8098, e-mail: belgin.senkal @bozok.edu.tr (corresponding author) 3 4 RESEARCH IN MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS INTRODUCTION The distribution of the members of the genus Marrubium L. in the Lamiaceae family is particularly centered in the Mediterranean basin. There are about 40 species belonging to the genus Marrubium in the world. This genus is represented by 29 taxa, 15 of which are endemic (52% of endemism) in the Flora of Turkey (Guner et al., 2012). Marrubium species are known as “çalba, şalba, bozot, itsineği, kara derme, kukas otu or mayasıl otu” in Turkey (Akgul, 2004). The use of some species belonging to this genus dates back to 2000 years (Farzaneh et al., 2005; Blumenthal et al., 2000). Plants are often used as cough relievers and expectorants. Today, it is still used as a cough reliever, sore throat and respiratory system diseases and as a tonic. Due to these effects, it is included in the composition of various drugs such as syrup, lozenge and infusions. Some species of the Marrubium genus (such as M. vulgare) are also grown in gardens for ornamental purposes. The plant is also used in beekeeping (Farzaneh et al., 2005; Blumenthal et al., 2000). The leaves are used as spice and tea. In addition, herbal extracts are used in soft drinks, frozen milk desserts, puddings and chewing gum. According to the studies, the genus Marrubium biochemically contains terpenoids, flavonoids, phenyl propanoids, phytosterols, nitrogenous substances, resins, waxes and minerals (Piozzi et al., 2006; Citoglu and Aksit, 2000; Kilic, 2018). It has been observed that Marrubium species exhibit various biological activities such as cardiovascular, antidiabetic, analgesic, antipyretic, abortive, antibacterial, and antioxidant etc. 5 Species of this genus can be considered as a source of natural chemical compounds that have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry (Kharazian & Hashemi, 2017; Sarıkurkcu et al., 2018). Marrubium parviflorum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. is accepted, and its native range is Turkey to Iran. The plant is perennial, herbaceous, usually more or less branched, the roots are quite thick and