Organised Violence; A Manifestation of Elite Political Culture: A Case Study of Boko Haram Seiyefa, E. Submitted version deposited in Coventry University’s Institutional Repository Original citation: Seiyefa, E. (2016) Organised Violence; A Manifestation of Elite Political Culture: A Case Study of Boko Haram. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Coventry: Coventry University Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Some materials have been removed from this thesis due to third party. Pages where material has been removed are clearly marked in the electronic version. The unabridged version of the thesis can be viewed at the Lanchester Library, Coventry University. Organised Violence; A Manifestation of Elite Political Culture: A Case Study of Boko Haram By Ebimboere Seiyefa PhD May 2016 Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. 1 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Images ....................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Graphs ....................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 8 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 8 1.1 Clarification of Key Terminologies ........................................................................................ 8 1.2 Justification of Study ............................................................................................................ 12 1.2.1 The Main Argument ......................................................................................................... 12 1.3 Research Aim and Objectives ............................................................................................... 14 1.3.1 Research Objective 1 ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3.2 Research Objective 2 ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3.3 Research Objective 3 ........................................................................................................ 16 1.3.4 Research Objective 4 ........................................................................................................ 16 1.4 Notes on Methodology .......................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Data Collection ..................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.1 In-Depth Semi-Structured Exploratory Interviews and Telephone Interviews ................. 19 1.5.2 Local Newspapers from the Northern Region .................................................................. 21 1.5.3 Legislative Transcripts...................................................................................................... 22 1.5.4 Media Interviews .............................................................................................................. 23 1.5.5 YouTube Statements released by Boko Haram ................................................................ 24 1.5.6 Other Data Sources ........................................................................................................... 24 1.6 Reviewing Methodologies for Choice of Analytical Tools ................................................... 24 1.7 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................................ 26 1.8 Triangulation ................................................................................................................................ 29 1.9 Research Limitations ............................................................................................................ 30 1.10 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 33 CONTEXTUALISING ELITE POLITICAL CULTURE: THE LINK TO ORGANISED VIOLENCE IN NIGERIA .......................................................................................................................................... 33 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Defining Political Elite ................................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Elite Political Culture Definition within Context .................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Elite Political Culture; the Link to Organised Violence ................................................... 39 2.3 Governance ........................................................................................................................... 44 2.3.1 Political Elite Attitude towards Governance in Nigeria ................................................... 49 2.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 52 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 54 CONTEXTUALISING ORGANISED VIOLENT ACTIVITIES IN NIGERIA ................................... 54 1 3.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Operational Definition of Organised Violence ..................................................................... 54 3.1.1 Terrorism .......................................................................................................................... 57 3.1.2 Political Violence ............................................................................................................. 58 3.2 Concept of Organised Violent Activities in Nigeria ............................................................. 59 3.2.1 Political Violence in Nigeria ............................................................................................ 60 3.2.2 Religious Violence in Nigeria .......................................................................................... 65 3.2.3 Social Movements and Ethnic Violent Activities in Nigeria ............................................ 66 3.3 Reviewing the Discourse on Root Cause of Organised Violence ..................................... 67 3.4 Clarifying Key Theories of Organised Violence Applied ..................................................... 75 3.4.1 Global Surveillance Mode of Warfare .............................................................................. 75 3.4.2 Rational Choice Theory .................................................................................................... 78 3.4.3 Network Theory ................................................................................................................ 81 3.4.4 Elite Theory ...................................................................................................................... 85 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 87 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................. 88 THE MAKING OF AN ELITE CULTURE THAT ACCEPTS THE USE OF VIOLENCE ................. 88 4.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 88 4.1 The Nigerian Political Environment ..................................................................................... 89 4.1.1 Political Elite Manipulation of Marginalisation Caused By Specific Federal System Adapted 90 4.1.2 Elite Manipulation of Long-Standing Ethno-Religious Rivalry for Resources and Supremacy .................................................................................................................................... 105 4.2 A Case of Elite Political Culture Premised on Violence as an Alternative ......................... 109 4.2.1 Alliance between Political Elite and Social Movement Groups-Network Analysis ....... 110 4.2.2 Cases of Alliance between the Political Elite