EXPERIENCING MUSIC TECHNOLOGY 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd i 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:550:18:55 PPMM 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd iiii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:550:18:55 PPMM EXPERIENCING MUSIC TECHNOLOGY UPDATED THIRD EDITION David Brian Williams Illinois State University Peter Richard Webster Northwestern University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd iiiiii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:560:18:56 PPMM Experiencing Music Technology, Updated Third © 2006, 2008 David Brian Williams and Peter Richard Webster Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may David Brian Williams, Peter Richard Webster be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scan- Publisher: Clark Baxter ning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage Assistant Editor: Erikka Adams and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United Editorial Assistant: Nell Pepper States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Technology Project Manager: Morgen Murphy Windows, Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows XP, Windows Vista and MS-DOS are reg- Marketing Manager: Christina Shea istered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Apple, Macintosh, OS 8, OS 9, OS X, iPod, iTunes, the Apple and QuickTime logo, QuickTime are registered trademarks of Apple, Marketing Assistant: Denise Bousquet Inc. All rights reserved. Marketing Communications Manager: Heather Baxley IBM is a registered trademark of the IBM Corporation. Zip is a registered trademark of Iomega Corporation. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Inc. Content Project Manager: Georgia Young Senior Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Print Buyer: Linda Hsu Cengage Learning Academic Resource Center, 1-800-423-0563 Permissions Editor: Roberta Broyer For permission to use material from this text or product, Production Service: Stratford Publishing submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions Services, Inc. Further permissions questions can be emailed to [email protected] Text Designer: Roy Neuhaus Photo Researcher: Cheri Throop Library of Congress Control Number: 2007942798 Copy Editor: Frank Words ISBN-10: 0-495-56554-7 Illustrator: Stratford Publishing Services, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-495-56554-3 Cover Designer: Cuttriss & Hambleton Cover Images: Photodisc Collection/Getty Images, Digital Vision/Getty Images, Steve Cole/Getty Schirmer Cengage Learning Images, Anthony Saint James/Getty Images 25 Thomson Place Boston, MA 02215 Compositor: ICC Macmillan Inc. USA Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your course and learning solutions, visit academic.cengage.com Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.ichapters.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 09 08 07 06 05 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd iivv 112/12/072/12/07 111:54:371:54:37 AAMM To Kay and Connie 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd v 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:560:18:56 PPMM 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd vvii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:560:18:56 PPMM Brief Contents Preface xxi VIEWPORT I Musicians and Their Use of Technology 1 Module 1 People Making Technology 3 Module 2 People Using Technology 12 Module 3 People Questioning Technology 17 Module 4 People Helping with Technology 21 VIEWPORT II Computer and Internet Concepts for Musicians 25 Module 5 Computer Operating Systems and Internet Software 27 Module 6 Computer and Networking Concepts 46 Module 7 The Mechanics of Computers and Networking 57 VIEWPORT III Digital Audio Basics 75 Module 8 Acoustics, Digital Audio, and Music Synthesis 81 Module 9 Software for Capturing, Editing, and Storing Digital Audio 103 Module 10 Building a No-Frills Digital Audio Workstation 127 VIEWPORT IV Doing More with Digital Audio 143 Module 11 Sonic Realism: MPEG, Surround Sound, and Discs 147 Module 12 Software for Multiple Tracks and Channels 167 Module 13 Hardware for Multichannel Digital Audio 197 VIEWPORT V Music Sequencing and MIDI Basics 213 Module 14 How MIDI Works 216 Module 15 Software Techniques for MIDI Sequencing 229 Module 16 MIDI Hardware: Interfaces, Keyboards, and Sound Modules 250 VIEWPORT VI Doing More with MIDI and Beyond 269 Module 17 Adventures in Sound Shaping and Synthesis 272 Module 18 Extending MIDI: Controllers, SoundFonts, and Timing 311 VIEWPORT VII Music Notation 331 Module 19 Coding Systems for Music Notation and Performance 335 Module 20 Software for Music Notation 357 Module 21 Notation Hardware: Input Devices, Scanners, and OMR 397 VIEWPORT VIII Computer-Aided Instruction in Music 403 Module 22 Music Software for Knowledge and Skill Development 406 Module 23 New Directions in Music-Instruction Software 426 vii 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd vviiii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:560:18:56 PPMM viii BRIEF CONTENTS VIEWPORT IX Putting It All Together 445 Appendix A: Selected Readings by Viewport 449 Appendix B: EMT Workstation Equipment Codes 453 Index 455 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd vviiiiii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:570:18:57 PPMM Contents Preface xxi So, What’s New With the Update? xxii Book Content and Goals xxiii Experiencing Music Technology Online Projects and Support Website xxiv Icons in the Margin of the Book xxiv Defi nitions xxv Acknowledgments xxvi About the Authors xxvii VIEWPORT I Musicians and Their Use of Technology 1 Overview 1 Objectives 1 Online Software Projects 2 Module 1 People Making Technology 3 Ballet of Technology and Music 3 Five Periods of Technology History 4 Period I (1600s–mid-1800s) 4 Period II (mid-1800s–early 1900s) 4 Period III (early 1900s–mid-1900s) 5 Period IV (mid-1900s–1970s) 7 Period V (1970s–present) 8 Module 2 People Using Technology 12 The Unexpected Turn 12 Innovation and Creativity 13 Pacing 15 Music Technology in Practice 15 ix 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd iixx 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:570:18:57 PPMM x CONTENTS Module 3 People Questioning Technology 17 Ten Misconceptions 17 No. 1. Does technology refer only to hardware? 17 No. 2. Is there intimidating hidden “knowledge” inside the hardware? 17 No. 3. Will the hardware break if something is done incorrectly? 18 No. 4. Isn’t computer technology really reserved for the technical elite? 18 No. 5. Doesn’t computer technology take too long to learn? 18 No. 6. Isn’t computer technology only for the young? 18 No. 7. Doesn’t technology remove the creative spirit, producing music that is antiseptic or sterile? 19 No. 8. Aren’t computers, digital audio, MIDI, and DVDs, when used for teaching about music, just another expensive set of technological gimmicks that take time and money away from the real business of music education? 19 No. 9. Doesn’t technology, not music, become the focus? 19 No. 10. Isn’t it true that technology replaces musicians’ jobs? 19 Resulting Attitudes 20 Module 4 People Helping with Technology 21 People with Technical Skills 22 Computer Facilities 22 Print and Nonprint Materials 22 Professional Associations 22 VIEWPORT II Computer and Internet Concepts for Musicians 25 Overview 25 Objectives 25 Online Software Projects 26 Music Technology in Practice 26 Chi Fan 26 Module 5 Computer Operating Systems and Internet Software 27 The Desktop: Your Computer and Its Operating System 27 The Function of an Operating System 27 Streams of Information 27 MIDI 28 Printer/Mouse/Keyboard 28 Look and Feel: Graphic User Interface (GUI) 29 Staying Organized with Hierarchical File Structure 29 Volumes, Folders, and Files 29 Naming Files 30 Important Work Habits 31 Saving Files 31 Importance of Copyright 32 Viruses Defi ned 33 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd x 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:570:18:57 PPMM C ONTENTS xi Backing Up 34 Additional Good Habits for Computer Maintenance 34 Other Operating Systems 35 UNIX 35 Linux and the World of Open Source Code 35 Extending the Desktop: Connecting to the Internet 36 Types of Internet Software 36 Web Surfi ng and Searching 37 Browsing Software Support for Other Internet Services 41 Electronic Mail/Listservs 41 Digital Audio Purchasing/Sharing 42 Chat 43 Forums, News Reading, and File Transfers 44 Additional Uses of the Internet with Music Software 45 Module 6 Computer and Networking Concepts 46 Analog to Digital: Computers and the Analog World 46 Counting and Thinking with 1 and 0 47 Computer Bits and Bytes 48 Serial and Parallel: Computers and Their Peripherals 48 Expressing Data in Parallel Form 48 Expressing Data in Serial Form 48 Internet Protocols: Computers Connecting to the Internet 49 Internet Addressing 50 Server Internet Addresses 50 E-Mail Internet Addresses 51 The Internet 2 Fast Lane 51 File Formats: Sharing Files over the Internet 52 Packaging and Compressing Files 52 Exchanging Documents with Universal File Formats 53 Exchanging Digital Audio and MIDI 55 Exchanging Graphics and Video 55 Module 7 The Mechanics of Computers and Networking 57 Computer Hardware Operations and the IPOS Model 57 Interfaces 58 Process 60 Input 62 Output 63 Storage 63 CD and DVD Storage 66 Networking: Routes to Connectivity 67 Getting Access 67 Talking among Computers 67 Network Topologies 68 Getting Connected 70 665547_01_fm.indd5547_01_fm.indd xxii 112/7/072/7/07 110:18:570:18:57 PPMM xii CONTENTS VIEWPORT III Digital Audio Basics 75 The Big Picture 75 Viewport III Overview