Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Thesis Approval Sheet This thesis, entitled Second position clitics and subordinate (fe clauses in Pashto written byy David M. Pate and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Paul R. Kroeger (Mentor) Michael Boutin Huwart Shin Ja Hwang 22 Man, 201z SECOND POSITION CLITICS AND SUBORDINATE tʃe CLAUSES IN PASHTO by David M. Pate Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics June, 2012 © 2012 David M. Pate All Rights Reserved CERTIFICATE I that the use of acknowledge copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under an to the obligation copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission of the copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. Signature S-72- l2 Date THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Library to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed: Refused: ABSTRACT SECOND POSITION CLITICS AND SUBORDINATE tʃe CLAUSES IN PASHTO David Pate Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, June 2012 Supervising Professor: Paul R. Kroeger, Ph.D. Many subordinate clauses in Pashto are introduced by the subordinating morpheme tʃe. This thesis presents a detailed description of subordinate tʃe clauses including complement, relative, and adverbial clauses. A special kind of “inverted” adverbial clause is described in which one or more clausal elements occur before tʃe. These inverted adverbial clauses can have surface similarity to relative clauses. This surface similarity has created some confusion regarding subordinate clause types and 2nd position clitics in previous work. The placement of 2nd position clitics is one grammatical feature which helps distinguish the type of clause. These 2nd position clitics appear contiguous to tʃe only in inverted adverbial clauses. This analysis counters the claim of variable positions for 2nd position clitics in subordinate clauses. The possible clausal elements which can appear before tʃe in inverted clauses correspond to the clausal elements which appear before traditional 2nd position clitics. This thesis presents a new nd analysis of tʃe as an optional 2 position clitic in inverted adverbial clauses. DEDICATION To my many Pashtun friends in Afghanistan who have shown me warm hospitality and kindness. May God bring peace to their land, and may this thesis bring honor to the Pashto language. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been written without the help of many people. First, I would like to acknowledge my advisor, Dr. Paul Kroeger, who has spent many hours reviewing my work and guiding my analyses. I would also like to thank the other members of my committee Dr. Michael Boutin and Dr. Shin Ja Hwang for their time and effort in reviewing my work. I also would like to acknowledge several people who helped me in my research. First, I thank Professor Bayazid Atsak and the Pashto Department of Kabul University for their willingness to help in my linguistic research. Without the help of Professor Atsak, the data for this thesis would not be what it is. I also want to thank Najibullah Sadiqi for his help in checking much of the data in this thesis. I also thank Mahmood Marhoon and Aimal for their help in my research. Finally, I want to acknowledge all my dear Pashtun friends who have helped me to learn their language and in the process, analyze their syntax. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables ................................................................................................. xi List of abbreviations and symbols ............................................................. xii Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The Pashto language and data in this paper .............................................. 2 1.3 Literature review ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Pashto: Typology....................................................................................... 5 1.4.1 Word order .......................................................................................... 5 1.4.2 Gender, case, and number ................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Tense and aspect ................................................................................. 7 1.4.4 Ergativity............................................................................................. 8 1.5 Outline ..................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2. Clitics ...................................................................................... 13 2.1 Introduction to Pashto cliticization ......................................................... 13 2.1.1 Free pronouns and their reduced counterparts .................................. 13 2.1.2 Zero anaphora ................................................................................... 15 2.1.3 2nd position pronominal clitics .......................................................... 16 2.1.4 Oblique clitic pronoun ...................................................................... 17 2.1.5 Verbal directive clitic pronouns ........................................................ 19 2.1.6 Pro-Pre/Postpositional Phrases ......................................................... 22 2.1.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 24 2.2 2nd position clitics .................................................................................. 25 2.2.1 2nd position clitic overview ............................................................... 25 2.2.1.1 Pronominal clitics ............................................................................. 26 2.2.1.2 Modal clitics...................................................................................... 26 2.2.1.3 Adverbial clitics ................................................................................ 27 2.2.2 Placement of 2nd position clitics ....................................................... 27 viii 2.2.2.1 Description of placement .................................................................. 27 2.2.2.2 Analyses of 2nd position clitics in Pashto ........................................ 35 Chapter 3. Complement clauses .............................................................. 39 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 39 3.2 Classification of CPs ............................................................................... 41 3.2.1 Verbal complement CPs ................................................................... 41 3.2.2 Nominal complement CPs ................................................................ 42 3.2.3 Complement clause properties .......................................................... 49 Chapter 4. Relative clauses ...................................................................... 55 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 55 4.2 Relativization possibilities ...................................................................... 56 4.3 Relativization strategies .......................................................................... 58 4.3.1 Description of relativization strategies ............................................. 58 4.3.2 Relativization patterns ...................................................................... 64 4.4 Relative clause positions in the matrix clause ......................................... 66 4.5 Constraint on clause-initial complex DPs ............................................... 68 4.5.1 Clause-initial complex DPs............................................................... 69 4.5.2 Complex DPs in subordinate clause-initial position ......................... 74 4.5.3 Ergative arguments in clause-initial position .................................... 76 4.5.4 Non-restrictive relative clauses and clause-initial complex DPs ...... 79 Chapter 5. Adverbial clauses ................................................................... 83 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 83 5.2 Adverbial tʃe clause classification .......................................................... 84 5.2.1 Purpose .............................................................................................. 85 5.2.2 Result ...............................................................................................