United States Department of Agriculture Field Guide to Forest Service Insects and Southwestern Diseases of Region MR-R3-16-3 Arizona and New Mexico Forests Ips galleries Pinyon ips and armillaria mycelial fans Southwestern dwarf Pandora moth mistletoe caterpillar broom on fire The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TTY). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Revised and printed on recycled paper • December 2013 Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region 333 Broadway Blvd., SE Albuquerque, NM 87102 www.fs.usda.gov/main/r3/forest-grasslandhealth 2013 Acknowledgements Thanks to all current and former pathologists and entomologists, who worked on the original insect and disease field guide developed in the 1980s or the current version. Special thanks to our printing specialist for the Southwestern Region in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Photographs and other illustrations were obtained, as credited later in this document, from individuals, the files of the USDA Forest Service, and other sources as cited. Preface Our knowledge of forest insects and diseases continues to evolve and some organisms have only recently been identified or found to cause significant damage. This guide is designed to be practical for the field. Not every forest insect or disease of the Southwest is covered, but we have attempted to include those having significant ecological and/or economic impacts on forest resources such as recreation, wildlife, wood production, or watershed quality. This field guide is divided into insect and disease sections, each with its own description, illustrations, and host index. Literature cited, glossary, and general index are at the end of this field guide. Table of Contents Roles of Forest Insects and Pathogens . .1 Invasive Pests . 2 Guide to Forest Insects and Diseases . 4 Forest Insect Defoliators . 7 Western Spruce Budworm. 8 Douglas-fir Tussock Moth. 11 Pine-feeding Needleminers. 14 White Fir Needleminer . 16 Pandora Moth. 18 Pine Butterfly . 20 Pine Sawflies. 22 Tiger Moth. 24 New Mexico Fir Looper . 26 Janet’s Looper. 27 Fall Webworm. 29 Western Tent Caterpillar . 31 Large Aspen Tortrix . 33 Alder Flea Beetle . 35 Sap-Sucking Insects, Gall Formers, and Mites . .37 Aphids . 38 Spruce Aphid. 40 Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid . 42 Pinyon Needle Scale . 44 Prescott Scale. 46 Pine Needle Scale . 49 Gouty Pitch Midge. 50 Pinyon Spindlegall Midge. 52 Spittlebugs. 53 Spider Mites. 54 Bark Beetles . 55 Pine Engravers . 59 Western Pine Beetle. 63 Mountain Pine Beetle. 65 Roundheaded Pine Beetle . 67 Southern Pine Beetle and Mexican Pine Beetle. 70 Red Turpentine Beetle . 72 Spruce Beetle . 74 Douglas-fir Beetle. 77 Western Balsam Bark Beetle . 79 Fir Engraver . 81 Twig Beetles. 83 Cedar and Cypress Bark Beetles. 85 Wood Borers . 87 Wood Borers . 88 Juniper Borers. 90 Ambrosia Beetles. 92 Cone and Seed Insects . .94 Cone Beetles . 95 Ponderosa Pine Seedworm. 97 Pine Seed Chalcid . 98 Pine Coneworm. 99 Bud and Shoot Insects . .100 Pine Tip Moths. 101 Western Pine Shoot Borer. 103 Pinyon and Ponderosa Pitch Nodule Moths . 105 Bark Moths . 106 Pitch Moth. 106 Juniper Twig Pruner. 107 Insects of Wood Products . 108 Carpenter Ants . 109 Termites. 111 Foliar Diseases . 113 Hardwood Leaf Diseases . 113 Black Leaf Spot. 114 Ink Spot Leaf Blight . 115 Melampsora Rust . 116 Shepherd’s Crook. 117 Sycamore Anthracnose . 118 Conifer Needle Diseases. 120 Lophodermella Needle Cast. 121 Elytroderma Needle Cast. 123 Red Band Needle Blight . 125 Rhabdocline Needle Cast. 126 True Fir Needle Cast. 128 White Pine Needle Cast . 129 Pinyon Needle Rust . 130 Stem Decays and Stains . 132 Red Ring Rot . 134 Red Rot . 136 Indian Paint Fungus . 138 Red Belt Fungus. 140 Pouch Fungus. 142 Blue Stain Fungi . 143 False Tinder Conk. 144 Oak Heartrot Fungi . 145 Canker Rot of Oak . 146 Cankers . 147 Black Canker. 148 Sooty Bark Canker. 150 Cytospora Canker . 152 Cryptosphaeria Canker . 154 Hypoxylon Canker. 156 Atropellis Canker. 158 Stem and Cone Rusts of Pine . 160 White Pine Blister Rust. 161 Limb Rust . 164 Western Gall Rust . 166 Comandra Blister Rust. 167 Gymnosporangium Rusts. 169 Fir Broom Rust . 171 Spruce Broom Rust. 171 Southwestern Cone Rust. 175 Mistletoes . 176 Dwarf Mistletoes. 177 True Mistletoes . 184 Root Disease . 189 Armillaria or Shoestring Root Rot. 191 Annosus Root Rot. 193 Tomentosus Root Disease. 196 Schweinitzii Root and Butt Rot. 198 Black Stain Root Disease. 200 Ganoderma Root Rot. 202 Noninfectious Disorders . 204 Drought . 205 Frost . 206 Winter Injury. 207 Red Belt . 208 Windthrow. 209 Lightning. 210 Salt Damage. .211 Burls . 212 Animal Damage . ..