www.gradeup.co 1 www.gradeup.co Direction (1 – 10) : Fill in the blank by 8.The passengers were very happy _____ choosing the most appropriate option. the friendly and warm treatment. 1. A. To We shall fail ____ we are industrious. B. From A. Whether C. About B. Unless D. By C. Until D. Though 9.If they want to succeed, ____ they have to work very hard. 2.She stood ___ Amit but could not utter A. Should a single word for quite some time. B. Ought A. Before C. Will B. For D. Must C. About D. To 10.Sunita decided to set ____ some time every day for prayers. 3.Kanak is endowed ____ many great A. Up qualities. B. In A. By C. Aside B. With D. On C. In D. Of Direction (11 – 15) : Read the given passage carefully and choose the most 4.The minister flew ____ the flooded appropriate option to the questions given areas in a helicopter. below. A. Along The World Trade Organisation (WTO) was B. Over created in the early 1990s as a C. In component of the Uruguay Round D. About negotiation. However, it could have been negotiated as part of the Tokyo Round of 5.You have played a great role, for ____ the 1970s, since negotiation was an your help I possibly would have landed attempt at a 'constitutional reform' of the myself into a problem. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade A. Without (GATT). Or it could have been put off to B. Although the future, as the US government C. Despite wanted. What factors led to the creation D. After of the WTO in the early 1990s? One factor was the pattern of multilateral bargaining 6.The doctor advised him to go ____ that developed late in the Uruguay several medical tests. Round. Like all complex international A. About agreements, the WTO was a product of a B. Under series of trade-offs between principal C. Through actors and groups. For the United States, D. Into which did not want a new organization, the disputed settlement part of the WTO 7.Would anybody ____ a mother have package achieved its longstanding goal of risked her life for the baby? a more effective and more legal dispute A. But settlement system. For the Europeans, B. Rather who by the 1990s had come to view GATT C. Than dispute settlement less in political terms D. However add more as a regime of legal obligations, the WTO package was acceptable as a means to discipline the resort to 2 www.gradeup.co unilateral measures by the United States. settlement procedures and institutional Countries like Canada and other middle provisions. Concern for these values is and smaller trading partners were inherent in any rule-based system of co- attracted by the expansion of a rule- operation, since without these value rules based system and by the symbolic would be meaningless in the first place, valueof a trade organization, both of therefore, create their own incentive for which inherently support the weak fulfilment. The moment of legal against the strong. The developing development has occurred in other countries were attracted due to the institutions besides the GATT, most provisions banning unilateral measures. notably in the European Union (EU). Over Finally, and perhaps most important, the past two decades the European Court many countries at the Uruguay Round of Justice (ECJ) has consistently rendered came to put a higher priority on the decisions that have expanded export gains than on the import losses incrementally the EU's internal market, in that the negotiation would produce, and which the doctrine of 'mutual recognition' they came to associate the WTO and a handed down in Cassis de Dijon case in rule-based system with those gains. This 1979 was a key turning point. The court reasoning - replicated in many countries is now widely recognized as a major - was contained in U. S. Ambassador player in European integration, even Kantor's defence of the WTO, and it though arguably such a strong role was announced to a recognition that not originally envisaged in the Treaty of international trade and its benefits cannot Rome, which initiated the current be enjoyed unless trading nations accept European Union. One means the Court the discipline of a negotiated rule-based used to expand integration was the environment. A second factor in the 'teleological method of interpretation', creation of the WTO was pressure from whereby the actions of member states lawyers and the legal process. The were evaluated against 'the dispute settlement system of the WTO accomplishment of the most elementary was seen as a victory of legalists but the goals set forth in the Preamble to the matter went deeper than that. The GATT, (Rome) treaty. The teleological method and the WTO, are contract organizations represents an effort to keep current based on rules, and it is inevitable that an policies consistent with slated goals, and organization creating a further rule will in it is analogous to the effort in GATT to turn be influenced by legal process. keep contracting party trade practices Robert Hudee has defined the consistent with slated rules. In both cases "momentum of legal development". But legal concerns and procedures are an what is it precisely? Legal development independent force for further co- can be defined as the promotion of operation. technical and legal values of consistency, In the large part the WTO was an exercise clarity (or certainty) and effectiveness. in consolidation. In the context of a trade These are the values for the ones who are negotiation that created a near- responsible for administering any legal revolutionary expansion of international system will seek to maximize. As it played trade rules, the formation of the WTO was out in the WTO, consistency meant a deeply conservative act needed to integrating under one roof the whole lot ensure that the benefits of the new rules of separate agreements signed under would not be lost. The WTO was all about GATT auspices; clarity meant removing institutional structure and dispute ambiguities about the powers of settlement: these are the concerns of contracting parties to make certain conservatives and not revolutionaries, decisions or to undertake waivers; and that is why lawyers and legalists took the effectiveness meant eliminating lead on these issues. The WTO codified exceptions arising out of grandfather- the GATT institutional practice that had rights and resolving defects in dispute developed by custom over three decades, 3 www.gradeup.co and it incorporated a new dispute 14.According to the passage, WTO settlement system that was necessary to promoted the technical legal values partly keep both old and new rales from through. becoming a sham. Both the international A. Integrating under one roof the structure and the dispute settlement agreements signed under GATT. system were necessary to preserve and B. Rules that create their own incentive enhance the integrity of the multilateral for fulfilment. trade regime that had been built C. Ambiguities about the powers of incrementally from the 1940s to the contracting parties to make certain 1990s. decisions. D. Grandfather-rights exceptions and 11. defects in dispute settlement procedures. In the statement ‘... it amounted to a recognition that international trade and 15.The most likely reason for the its benefits cannot be enjoyed unless acceptance of the WTO package by trading nations accept the discipline of a nations was that: negotiated rule-based environment', it A. It has the means to prevent the US refers to: from taking unilateral measures. A. The export gains many countries came B. Its rule-based system leads to export to associate with a rule-based system. gains. B. The higher priority on export gains C. It settles disputes more legally and placed by many countries at the Uruguay more effectively. Round. D. They recognized the need for a rule- C. The provision of a rule-based system based environment to protect the by the WTO benefits of increased trade. D. Ambassador Kantor's defence of the WTO Direction (16 – 20) : In each of the following sentences, some part of the 12.What would be the closest reason why sentence or the entire sentence is WTO was not formed in 1970s? underlined. Beneath each sentence, you A. The US government did not like it. will find four ways of phrasing the B. Important players did not find it in underlined part. Choose the most their best interest to do so. appropriate option given in each of the C. Lawyers did not work for the dispute sentences given below that is the best settlement system. version than the underlined part of the D. The Tokyo Round negotiations was an sentence. attempt at constitutional reform. 16. Two valence states of uranium, one with 13.In the method of interpretation of the a deficit of four electrons and the other European Court of Justice: one with a deficit of six occurs in nature A. Actions against member states needed and contributes to the diversity of to be evaluated against the said uranium’s behaviour. community goals. A. The other one a deficit of six, occur in B. Enunciation of the most elementary Nature and contribute community goals needed to be B. The other with a deficit of six, occurs emphasized. in Nature and contributes C. Current policies need to be consistent C. The other with a deficit of six, occur in with stated goals. Nature and contribute D. Contracting party trade practices need D. One with six occurs in Nature and to be consistent with stated rules. contributes 4 www.gradeup.co 17.Initiative and referendum, is a C.