A History of URDU LITERATURE AU Jawad Zaidi SAHITYA AKADEMI Contents Preface ν Chapter I Early History 1 Modern Indian Languages 4 Western Hindi Dialects 7 The Many Names of Urdu 9 Literary Traditions 11 Forms of Urdu Poetry 13 Chapter Π" Earliest Writings (llth-l6th century) 19 Amir Khusrau 22 Rekhtah 26 Transfer of Tradition 35 Chapter III Dakhani Urdu (14th-18th century) 36 Official Language 37 Earliest Dakhani Work 38 Three Main Phases 39 Sab-Ras 44 In Gujarat 46 Vali 49 Post-Vali Period 53 Prose 55 Chapter IV The Northern Scene (l6th-17th century) 57 Braj Bhasha 59 Rapprochement 61 In Shahjahanabad 64 Lexicons 66 Afzal Jhanjhanavi 67 xll Contents Chapter V A Golden Phase (18th Century) 70 Quli Qutub Shah 72 Fayez 73 Abru and Hatim 74 Masnavi and Marsiah 78 Shahr Ashoub 80 Chapter VI Diffusion and Diversification 81 New Centre at Avadh 82 Mirza Mazhar Jan-e-Janan 87 Sauda 88 Dard 95 Mir 97 Mir Hasan 109 Soz 113 Masnavis 116 Prose . 119 Dastan 122 Criticism and Stylised Prose 125 Chapter Vii After the Great Trio 127 No Separate Schools 129 Insha 135 Mus-hafi 138 Rangin 139 Jur'at 141 Chapter Viii Nazir Akbarabadi 143 Chapter IX Age of Nasikh and Atash 150 Nasikh 150 Atash 154 Shah Nasir 158 Chapter X The New Marsiah 159 Mir Anis l60 Mirza Dabir 168 Contents xiii Chapter XI Age of Masnavi 170 Inder Sabha 175 Chapter ΧΠ The Twilight and Ghalib 178 Zauq 180 Momin 181 Zafar 183 Ghalib 184 Masnavi 197 Chapter xiii Emergence of Prose 199 Rajab Ali Beg Suroor 201 Bostan-e-Kheyal 204 Chapter XIV New Prose and New Colleges 209 Fort William College 209 Delhi College 210 Lucknow Translation Bureau 212 Chapter XV Journalism 214 Printing Press 214 First Journal 215 Chapter XVI Post-Rebellion Scene 219 Dagh 220 Munir 222 Amir 222 Chapter XVii Literature of Freedom 227 War of Independence 229 Journalist Patriots 230 Chapter XViii Dawn of an Era 233 Syed Ahmad Khan 234 Purposive criticism 236 Mohammad Husain 'Azad 238 χίν Contents Hali 241 Shibli No'mani 243 Chapter Xix Novel and Drama 248 Nazir Ahmad 248 Sarshar 250 Sharar 252 Sajjad Husain 253 Ruswa 253 Drama 255 Agha Hashr Kashmiri 257 Chapter XX Writer-Journalists 259 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 259 Maulana Mohammad Ali 26l Khwaja Hasan Nizami 262 Chapter XXI Age of Literary Criticism 265 Niaz Fatehpuri 267 Abdul Haq 268 Masood Hasan Rizvi 270 Syed Mohiuddin Qadri Zore 271 Kalimuddin Ahmed 272 Chapter ΧΧΠ New Wave in Poetry 275 Mohammad Husain Azad 276 Hali 278 Akbar Allahabadi 280 Brij Narain Chakbast 287 Chapter XXiii Iqbal and the New Dawn 291 Chapter XXIV Poetry of Youth and Vigour 309 Josh Malihabadi 320 Firaq Gorakhpuri 320 Simab and Hafiz 325 Contents xv Chapter XXV Revival of Ghazal 333 Shad Azimabadi 333 Hasrat Mohani 338 Yagana 340 Geet 347 Chapter XXVI The Progressive Upsurge 348 Majnoon Gorakhpuri 352 Ale Ahmad Suroor 354 Ehtesham Husain 354 Mumiaz Husain 356 New Trends in Criticism 358 Gopi Chand Narang 358 Shamsur Rahman Faruqi 359 Chapter XXVii Progressive Poetry and Arbab-e-Zauq 361 Faiz 362 Majaz 366 Makhdum Mohiuddin 367 Ali Sardar Jafri 368 Jan Nisar Akhtar 370 Sahir Ludhianvi 371 Kaifi Azmi 372 Halqah-e-Arbab-e-Zauq 376 Noon Meem Rashid 379 The Unattached 382 Chapter XXViii New Generation Poets 383 Khalilur Rahman Azmi 384 Nazish 386 Chapter XXix Modern Fiction 390 Prem Chand 393 Krishan Chander 399 Saadat Hasan Munto 400 Rajendar Singh Bedi 401 Ismat Chughui 402 Aziz Ahmad 406 xvl Contents Qurratulain Hyder 407 Modern novels 411 Chapter XXX Humour and Satire 418 Before Avadh Punch 419 Age of Avadh Punch 420 Prose Humour 422 Rashid Ahmad Siddiqui 425 Patras Bukhari 425 Chapter XXXI Research and Literary Miscellany 429 Chapter ΧΧΧΠ Beyond the Seventies 437 Select Bibliography 443 index 447.