Ministry Focus Paper Approval Sheet This ministry focus paper entitled STORYDWELLERS: A NARRATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING SCRIPTURE TO ADOLESCENTS Written by JAMES ARCHER LAYTON JR. and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Ministry has been accepted by the Faculty of Fuller Theological Seminary upon the recommendation of the undersigned readers: _____________________________________ Chap R. Clark _____________________________________ Kurt Fredrickson Date Received: April 1, 2018 STORYDWELLERS: A NARRATIVE APPROACH TO TEACHING SCRIPTURE TO ADOLESCENTS A MINISTRY FOCUS PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF THEOLOGY FULLER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF MINISTRY BY JAMES ARCHER LAYTON JR. MARCH 2018 ABSTRACT James Archer Layton Jr. Doctor of Ministry School of Theology, Fuller Theological Seminary 2018 A narrative approach of teaching Scripture to adolescents is an integrative methodology that draws from both narrative theology as well as developmental psychology. It considers both the narrative of the Bible and the psychosocial development of people during adolescence, which happens narratively. A narrative approach to teaching Scripture to adolescents offers the redemptive narrative found in the Genesis to Revelation story as a possible world by which adolescents can interpret their lives. When constructing their identity through the lens of the Christ event, adolescents are grafted into God’s story as active agents in his redemptive plot for the world. To inhabit the world of Scripture is to embody a new identity as adopted children of the triune God and participate in the interlocking of heaven and earth through Christ. The goal of a narrative approach is to help youth see they are not just viewers, but both characters and co-authors in the midst of a redemptive saga produced by God. The great task of those who teach Scripture to adolescents is to help them discover that God has invited them to be active agents in the epic drama presented in Scripture. A narrative approach invites adolescents to reconstruct their past, perceive their present, and imagine their future autobiographically in light of the biblical narrative. As adolescents psychosocially write themselves into the biblical drama in consort with the triune God, and the larger believing community, the way they view themselves and interact with the world becomes congruent with God’s revealed reality. Ultimately, it is by the enactment of Scripture that adolescents are fused into the family of Christ and ushered onto the world stage where they live out their identities as God’s saints within the biblical drama of redemption. Content Reader: Chap Clark, Ph.D. Words: 288 To Cyndi, whose life is an act of poetic beauty ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Maranatha High School for their overwhelming support and encouragement during this project. Their commitment to holistic, Christ-centered, education has touched countless lives including mine. Thank you to my friends from Fuller Theological Seminary. Your fellowship is priceless. Thank you to Aleesa Schlup and Jonathan Crandall for the superb proofreading. Lastly, I would like to thank Chap Clark for being both a passionate teacher and for compassionately believing in me. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv PART ONE: THE PSYCHOTHEOLOGICAL STORYWORLD OF ADOLESCENCE INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter 1. THEOLOGICAL IMAGINATION DURING ADOLESCENCE 7 Chapter 2. WEAVING TOGETHER THE ADOLESCENT AND DIVINE 24 PART TWO: INHABITING THE BIBLICAL STORY Chapter 3. THE CALL OF THE CHILD 47 Chapter 4. NARRATIVE CONFLICTS DURING ADOLESCENCE 61 PART THREE: AUTOBIOGRAPHY AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION IN CHRIST Chapter 5. CONFESSIONS OF THE ADOLESCENT SAINT 90 Chapter 6. DINNER AND A STORY: A NARRATIVE TEST RUN 103 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION: THEOLOGICAL IMAGINEERS 114 APPENDICIES 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY 120 v PART ONE THE PSYCHOTHEOLOGICAL STORYWORLD OF ADOLESCENCE INTRODUCTION A re-enchantment fell upon him . for at that moment he had a sensation not of following an adventure, but of enacting a myth. - C.S. Lewis, Perelandra1 “Story,” N.T. Wright assesses, “has a well-documented role within the analysis of cultures and worldviews, and it is time biblical scholars took it more seriously.”2 Taking Wright’s advice, this essay aims to take the role of story in the process of teaching Scripture to adolescents more seriously by offering a narrative approach. A narrative approach is an integral methodology that draws from both narrative theology as well as developmental psychology.3 It considers both the narrative of the Bible and psychosocial development during adolescence, which happens narratively.4 According to Michael Nakkula and Eric Toshalis at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, a narrative approach recognizes that “The core meaning of adolescent development lies fundamentally in the interpretation adolescents make of themselves and their worlds.”5 In 1 C.S. Lewis, Perelandra (New York: Macmillan, 1968). 2 N.T. Wright, Paul and the Faithfulness of God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2013), 456. 3 Narrative criticism, according to N.T. Wright, “is a response to an increasing awareness in both the scholarly community and with the wider Bible-reading public that the Bible in general, and a good bit of the New Testament in particular, is emphatically not simply a list of doctrines to be believed or commands to be obeyed. It consists, at a far more fundamental level, of stories, narratives,” in Mark Allan Powell, “Foreword,” in What is Narrative Criticism?: A New Approach to the Bible (London: SPCK, 1993), ix. 4 Chap Clark defines adolescence as “a psychosocial, independent search for a unique identity or separateness, with the end goals being a certain knowledge of who one is in relation to others, a willingness to take responsibility for who one is becoming, and a realized commitment to live with others in community,” in Hurt 2.0: Inside the World of Today's Teenagers (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2011), 9. Although there are no definitive educational markers, for an approximation Michael Nakkula and Eric Toshalis describe adolescence “roughly as the period of transition to middle school (starting with the sixth grade) through high school and the transition to work or college,” in Understanding Youth: Adolescent Development for Educators (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press, 2006), xi. 5 Nakkula and Toshalis, Understanding Youth, xi. 1 light of this, a narrative approach to teaching Scripture to adolescents offers the redemptive narrative found in the Genesis to Revelation story as a possible world by which adolescents can interpret their lives. When constructing their identity through the lens of the Christ event, adolescents are grafted into God’s story as active agents in his redemptive plot for the world.6 In essence, to inhabit the world of Scripture is to embody a new identity as adopted children of the triune God and participate in the interlocking of heaven and earth through Christ. Carole Peterson, of Memorial University of Newfoundland, points out that adolescence is when individuals typically begin to piece together their smaller stories, collected from childhood, into a larger life story to form their identities.7 Similarly, Monisha Pasupathi and Kate C. McLean, leading researchers on the narrative development of adolescent identity, state that “From a research standpoint, it is during adolescence when identity begins to be formed, using the precursors from childhood and setting the stage for consolidation in adulthood.”8 Developmental researchers have discovered that adolescence is when youth try to figure out who they are by fashioning 6 Dan P. McAdams defines identity as “an integrative configuration of self-in-the-adult-world,” in “The Psychology of Life Stories,” Review of General Psychology 5, no. 2 (2001): 102. 7 McLean, Pasupathi and Pals define “life story” as “an extended but selective autobiography of personal experiences and interpretations of those experiences that provide unity and purpose to the person,” in “Selves Creating Stories Creating Selves: A Process Model of Self-Development,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 11, no. 3 (August 2007): 263. Carole Peterson, interviewed by Jon Hamilton, “The Forgotten Childhood: Why Early Memories Fade,” National Public Radio, April 8, 2014, under “Shots–Health News,” accessed June 17, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/04/08/299189442/ the-forgotten-childhood-why-early-memories-fade.html. 8 Monisha Pasupathi and Kate C. McLean, Introduction to Narrative Development in Adolescence: Creating the Storied Self, eds. Kate C. McLean and Monisha Pasupathi (New York: Springer, 2010), xxv. 2 together storied episodes collected during childhood to craft a life story. In other words, adolescence is when people begin to knit together the metanarrative of their lives. Narrative identity, according to Dan P. McAdams, professor of psychology at Northwestern University, is “an individual’s internalized, evolving, and integrative story of the self.”9 This stage of identity development can be perilous for adolescents to navigate. Pasupathi and McLean liken the challenge that adolescents face during the process of identity formation to the main character in Joyce Carol Oates’ short story, “Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” They explain, “In this story, the protagonist, poised between childhood and adulthood, navigates a series of encounters with relatively little