THE REFLECTION AND INFLUENCE OF POPULAR CULTURE AS THE RESULT OF WESTERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN JESSICA HAGEDORN’S DOGEATERS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KARTIKA KUSUMANINGSIH Student Number: 024214108 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 THE REFLECTION AND INFLUENCE OF POPULAR CULTURE AS THE RESULT OF WESTERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN JESSICA HAGEDORN’S DOGEATERS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By KARTIKA KUSUMANINGSIH Student Number: 024214108 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2009 i A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE REFLECTION AND INFLUENCE OF POPULAR CULTURE AS THE RESULT OF WESTERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN JESSICA HAGEDORN’S DOGEATERS By KARTIKA KUSUMANINGSIH Student Number: 024214108 Approved by Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S. September 14, 2009. Advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. September 14, 2009. Co-Advisor ii A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis THE REFLECTION AND INFLUENCE OF POPULAR CULTURE AS THE RESULT OF WESTERNIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES IN JESSICA HAGEDORN’S DOGEATERS By KARTIKA KUSUMANINGSIH Student Number: 024214108 Defended before the Board of Examiners on September 25, 2009 and Declared Acceptable BOARD OF EXAMINERS Name Signature Chairman : Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A. Secretary : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. Member I : Elisa Dwi Wardani, S.S., M.Hum. Member II : Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S. Member III : Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. Yogyakarta, September 30, 2009 Faculty of Letters Sanata Dharma University Dean Dr. I. Praptomo Baryadi, M.Hum. iii There is no need for temples, no need for complicated philosophies. My brain and my heart are my temples; my philosophy is kindness. (Dalai Lama) iv This Undergraduate Thesis is Dedicated to My Beloved Parents and Siblings My Kochanie, Seba My P.R.U.E Family And my GIORDANO Family v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would express my greatest gratitude to Allah SWT for countless mercy. Thank you for protecting and never leaving me even in my doubtful and dreadful moments. I would not have finished this thesis without Your blessing. A wealth of gratitude is dedicated to my advisor Modesta Luluk Artika Windrasti, S.S. and Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. as my co-Advisor who have spent time and thought on this thesis. Thank you for your valuable suggestions and correcting my thesis until it finished. My gratitude also goes to my lecturers for the knowledge and guidance during my years in college. My greatest thanks go to my beloved dad Susmono and mom Sukatmi for endless love, backup, and for always trusting me in making my own decisions. For my siblings Agung, Susi, Koko, and of course Ratih, thank you so much for helping me with stuffs I could not manage. For my lovely ‘shipmate’, Sebastian R. Grocz,I am so grateful for your never ending support in my bad times and for being such an amazing teammate. Let us bring our dreams into reality and create a legend we will be proud of. My gratitude also goes to all my ‘good joe’ in Sanata Dharma University who have made my life more colorful. A special thank goes to my GIORDANO family and P.R.U.E (Alfa, Ardy, Debby, Dian, Faida, Ferdy, Fitra, Hendy, Jeff, Nico, Rudy, Shreek, and Suryo) for sharing life experience and fabulous friendship. At last but most essential, my biggest appreciation goes to Vital van de Horst, Adrian, Debora, Patricia, Tika Kecil, Wahyu Ginting, Ana Preman, and Caesar for your great contribution and magical cards. Furthermore, I thank to my Vida’s boarding house and ex boarding house girls at Jl. Beo 45B for our joyful sisterhood. May God always bless all these amazing people. Kartika Kusumaningsih vi TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ..................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................ iii MOTTO PAGE ............................................................................................ iv DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................. vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................ ix ABSTRAK ................................................................................................... x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................... 6 D. Definition of Terms ..................................................................... 6 CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL REVIEW ............................................. 8 A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ........................................................ 12 1. Theory of Setting .............................................................. 12 2. Theory of Character and Characterization ....................... 13 3. Theory of Popular Culture ................................................ 14 4. Theory of Westernization ................................................. 17 5. Theory of Hegemony ....................................................... 19 C. Review on Philippines’ Cultural-Historical Background ............ 20 1. Before the Arrival of American ....................................... 20 2. The Philippines under the Stars and Stripes .................... 23 D. Theoretical Framework ............................................................... 25 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 27 A. Object of the Study ..................................................................... 27 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................. 28 C. Method of the Study .................................................................... 29 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ...................................................................... 31 A. The Reflection of Popular Culture as the Impact of Westernization 31 1. The Setting in the Novel .................................................. 32 2. The Characters in the Novel ............................................ 42 B. The Influence of Popular Culture toward Filipinos’ Behavior Pattern ........................................................................................ 53 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................ 63 vii BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 66 APPENDICES ............................................................................................ 69 Appendix 1: The Summary of Dogeaters ........................................ 69 Appendix 2: Terms in the Novel Quoted in the Thesis ................... 72 viii ABSTRACT KARTIKA KUSUMANINGSIH (2009). The Reflection and Influence of Popular Culture as the Result of Westernization in the Philippines in Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. Culture is understandings, patterns of behavior, practices, and values that are acquired, preserved, and transmitted by a group of people and that can be embodied in art works. Culture can be diffused from one to another and transmitted from one generation to generation. The diffusion and transmission of two cultures may form a new culture. In the Philippines, the invasion of Spaniards in 1521 and arrival of Americans in 1898 gave significant changes to the local culture and formed a new one.Afterwards, it grew into popular culture as the influence of Westernization. Popular culture will always be an interesting issue to discuss since it stimulates people to be part of it for the sake of existence. This circumstance encourages the writer to analyze the reflection and influence of popular culture as the result of Westernization in the Philippines in Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters. Here, obviously Jessica Hagedorn tries to show the Westernization which deeply influenced the way of the Filipinos in viewing life. There are two problems related to the topic of this research to guide the analysis. They are: (1) In what way is popular culture as the impact of Westernization reflected on Jessica Hagedorn’s Dogeaters? (2) How does popular culture as the impact of Westernization influence the behavior pattern of the Filipinos in Dogeaters? In order to answer the problems, this study is using sociocultural-historical approach which relates the work to the society and history where it was produced. In the process of collecting information, the writer used library research method. Therefore sources from books