IFSA GLO 2005 Papers Theme 4: Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies Papers Theme 4 Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies Convenor: John Dixon In: Farming Systems and Poverty: Making a Difference -- Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium of the International Farming Systems Association: A Global Learning Opportunity (31 October – 3 November 2005, Rome, Italy). Editors: John Dixon, Constance Neely, Clive Lightfoot, Marcelino Avila, Doyle Baker, Christine Holding and Christine King , International Farming Systems Association, Rome, Italy, 2006. Table of Contents Highlights of Roundtable Discussions on Papers 4 La liberalización del Comercio Agrícola y sus Consecuencias para la Seguridad Alimentaria y el Objetivo de Reducción de la Pobreza Rural en América Latina y el Caribe (Gordillo de Anda, Gustavo & Jiménez C., Francisco) 16 Harnessing the Power of Partnerships in the Marketplace: Using a Learning Alliance for Agro-enterprise Integration into Agricultural Recovery (Rupert Best, Tom Remington, Shaun Ferris and Mark Lundy) 21 Identifying Strategic Development Pathways for Africn Agriculture (Prem Bindraban, with contributions from Pieter Vereijken, Thomas Price, John Dixon, Monty Jones, Herman van Keulen and Niek Koning) 31 Aiding Decision Making in Transition to Integrated Farming Systems in Small Watersheds in Northeast Thailand Through a Multi-Agent Systems Model (J.S. Caldwell, Uchada Sukchan, Francois Bousquet, Christophe Le Page, Kenji Suzuki, Nongluck Suphanchaimat and Somsak Sukchan) 52 Small Livestock for Landless and Small Farmers: Improving Farmers’ Lives through Improved Goat Production Practices in India (Mahesh Chander and H.P.S.Arya) 60 1 IFSA GLO 2005 Papers Theme 4: Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies Land Degradation in Ethiopian Highlands: Major Causes, Development Attempts and Future Deliberations (Getinet Desalegn and Tilahun Amede) 64 Scaling Out Strategically: A Methodology for Understanding Patterns and Impacts of the Spontaneous Spread of Technological Innovations (Laura German, Jeremias Mowo, Margaret Kingamkono and Jennifer Nuñez) 72 Production Potential of Spice Crops under different Farming Situations of Rice based Cropping System over Traditional Cropping System of Chattisgarh State of India (Rajendra Lakpale) 87 Surprising new Partnerships on our Journey towards a Sustainable Rural Area in Noord-Brabant (Rob Maessen and Geert Wilms) 92 Dairy Calves Performance on Dairy Farms around Gaborone Agricultural Region of Botswana (W. Mahabile and H.O. deWaal) 98 Poverty Reduction in Hill Farming Systems Of Nepal through more Equitable Access to Local Resources (A. Maharjan, S. Schulz, N. Rajbhandari, B. Regmi, B. Dhital, C. Paude and N. Hada) 110 The Use of SWOT Analysis In Participatory Soil Conservation Planning Under Smallholder Farming Systems (M. Manjoro, N. M Alonso, J. M. Fébles) 119 Effective Partnerships for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Critical Review and a Way Forward (Robert E. Mazur, Dorothy M. Masinde, Lorna Michael Butler) ` 125 Productivity Increase through Crop Diversification in Plantation Crops (M. A. Hamid Miah, M. A. Samad Talukdar , M. A. Ali, R. Ali, M. A. Quyum and B. Karmakar) 132 2 IFSA GLO 2005 Papers Theme 4: Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies Productivity Enhancement and Welfare Gains on Smallholdings in South Western Kenya (Muhammad Lutta, Paul G.A. Omanga and Richard Apamo) 138 Toward Good Agricultural Practices for Rice-Based Farming Systems – Initial Results of the Development and Dissemination of the Rice- Integrated Crop Management Sytems for Food Security, Livelihood Improvement and Environmental Conservation (Nguyen Van Nguu) 145 Risk assessment, market uncertainties and diversification strategies for rubber farmers: comparison between Indonesia and Cambodia using farming systems modeling (E. Penot and L. Feintrenie) 167 Pathways out of Rural Poverty in Marginal Areas: The Role of ‘INRM Technologies’ in a Dry Sub-Region of Syria (Roberto La Rovere, Turkelboom, Francis Aw-Hassan, Aden Bruggeman) 177 Zero Tillage: Another Revolution in Third World (A.P. Singh and S.K.Choudhary) 188 How Biodiversity Relates to Poverty. Conceptual Framework Design to Support Policy Making (Tonnie Tekelenburg and Jan Joost Kessler) 194 Subsistence and Organisational Strategies of Smallholder Farmers and Rural Workers in the Sub-Andean Drylands of Cuyo (Argentina) (Pablo Tittonell, Lorena Mozas, Natalia Manini, Ileana Paladino, Federico Vazquez Matías García) 214 Agriculture and Rural Development Project in Cambodia with Scope for Human Security - Nurturing Self-reliant Rural Communities – (Kunihiro Tokida) 223 3 IFSA GLO 2005 Papers Theme 4: Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies Highlights of Roundtable Discussions of Papers Introduction Based on the characterization of farming systems and an understanding of their dynamics, differentiated context-specific development pathways will be identified where multi-stakeholder alliances and public-private partnerships (among CSOs, inter-governmental organizations, governments, the private sector and local authorities) are emerging. The challenge is to foster and mainstream these new partnerships with guidelines, regulations and investment practices for managing ecosystems and landscapes from farms to catchments. Such alliances are also required for promoting intensification strategies, environmental services, land care, conservation of the land and biodiversity, livelihoods diversification, conservation agriculture and eco-agriculture. Other emerging issues include urban agriculture and linking mitigation, risk and response for vulnerable systems and populations, including HIV-AIDS. There were seven Roundtables in Theme 4. Roundtable moderators are listed in parentheses. Notes on discussion highlights and recommended follow up actions follow for most of the Roundtables. • Agropastoral and Dryland Systems (French language; Rym Ben Zid) • Poverty, Farming Systems and Biodiversity (Tekelenberg and Hellin) • Conservation Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (Wall and Kienzle) • The Farming Systems Approach and its Cousins (Neely and Dixon) • Millennium Development Goals and Farming Systems (Dixon and Bindraban) • Sustainable Intensification and Integrated farming Systems (Mudhara and Mekuria) • Development Pathways and Targeting Research and Development Interventions (Adesemi, Woods and la Rovere) Theme 4 Roundtable (French language): Agro pastoral and dry lands systems Moderator: Rym Bin Zid There were five papers and presentations: • New organization for local irrigation water management (Morocco), • Moving crops in greenhouses in the ‘Zibans’ (Algeria), • Development of dairy goat rearing and goat cheese processing as a generating income activity for women (Morocco), • Role of the National Development Project for Agricultural Development in regards to recent changes in the farming systems of oasis of Oued Righ (Algeria) and, • Development of agro-pastoralism in the area of Tioucha (Tunisia). 4 IFSA GLO 2005 Papers Theme 4: Development Strategies, Pathways and Synergies The presentations were quite diverse. Cross-cutting elements identified were: • As a consequence of government policies and programs, the emergence of new types of labor and input intensive farming systems especially in the ‘Zibans’ and the oasis of Oued Righ (Algeria). Those systems seem to be highly profitable and in these case studies, there was a shift from staple crops farming to market oriented farming, • the creation of new types of farmer/women organizations: until now very few projects have responded to women needs and water management in irrigated areas was usually controlled by government agencies. These new organizations developed specific activities as dairy goat rearing (cooperative of women in Skoura, southern Morroco). As irrigated farming systems are developing in the ‘ Middle Atlas’ in Morocco and as there is a progressive withdrawal of government agencies from agricultural development, a formal water user association taking into consideration farmers’ needs emerged spontaneously and , • the progressive development of technical innovations as a result of adequate policies set up for a long time by government agencies as the adoption and development of Opuntia in Central Tunisia by poor resource farmers to feed up sheep and goats as Central Tunisia is a drought prone area. Water management as well as resource scarcity was the key issue addressed in that roundtable through different angles: aspects related to production have been mentioned (new farming systems developed) but also aspects related to marketing and community development. Main trends identified during the dicussions were : • Market oriented farming systems are shaping and developing in place of the staple crops farming systems. Those market oriented systems have got different shapes and scales : systems in areas where top down methods and approaches have been used as in Algeria are quite different from systems developing in areas where participatory methods were adopted as in Skoura in Southern Morrocco or as in Tioucha (Tunisia) where a farmer to farmer learning has occurred to develop apple tree cropping. Simultaneously to that shift, marketing systems are also setting up although with some constraints and, • combined with this first trend, farmer/women organizations are setting up and in some case, in order to strengthen their activities, are trying to diversify them and to shift, as for example in the association in the ‘Middle