Study on prevention initiatives on trafficking in human beings Final report MigrationDirectorate-General and for Development and CooperationHome Affairs – EuropeAid Study on prevention initiatives on trafficking in human beings Final report This study was carried out for the European Commission by Acknowledgements This assignment was conducted by a team from Deloitte Belgium, Deloitte Germany and Deloitte US, as well as external experts: Tomoya Obokata, Roy Huijsmans, Seo-Young Cho and Marion Bywater. The production of this report would not have been possible without the efforts of the stakeholders interviewed and the input from respondents to our web-based survey. The authors would like to express their gratitude to all of them. Finally, the study team would like to thank the Commission officials involved for providing information and feedback during the course of the assignment. Disclaimer The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The European Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone contractors do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). For more information on the EU anti-trafficking policy visit: (http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2015 Cover © iStockPhoto/AndreyKrav PDF ISBN 978-92-79-48435-3 doi:10.2837/70698 DR-01-15-443-EN-N © European Commission, 2015. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. STUDY ON PREVENTION INITIATIVES ON TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 3 Contents Executive summary 7 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Introduction and purpose 11 1.2 Objectives and approach of the study 11 1.3 Structure of the report 12 2 Nature and scale of trafficking in human beings 13 2.1 Nature and types of trafficking 13 2.1.1 About the issue 13 2.1.2 Why it happens and who it impacts 14 2.2 Scale of the problem and trends 15 2.2.1 The challenge of quantifying the issue 15 2.2.2 Identifying the victims 15 2.2.3 What are the causes — defining the drivers of trafficking in human beings 16 2.2.4 How it is done — perpetrators and trafficking flows 17 2.2.5 The economic impact — financial analysis of trafficking in human beings 19 3 The policy context of preventing trafficking in human beings in the EU 21 3.1 Description of the EU legal and policy framework 21 3.1.1 EU legislative framework 21 3.1.2 EU Policy Framework 23 3.2 Key considerations on the nature of THB and prevention in the EU 25 3.2.1 Addressing the Organised Crime Nexus 25 3.2.2 Measurement of the impacts of prevention on THB 29 3.2.3 Trafficking in human beings in the context of migration 32 4 Analysis of THB prevention initiatives 37 4.1 Landscape of THB initiatives 37 4.1.1 Description of the sample for the analysis 37 4.1.2 Types of prevention initiatives 46 4.2 Prevention initiatives from a production-oriented point of view 52 4.2.1 Outputs and results 52 4.2.2 Sustainability and transferability of the initiatives 65 4.3 Prevention initiatives from a developmental and procedural point of view 70 4.3.1 Consideration of external factors 70 4.3.2 Creating partnerships 74 4.3.3 Project management 77 4.3.4 Evaluation and dissemination of the results 80 4.4 Conclusions from the analysis of the prevention initiatives 82 4 STUDY ON PREVENTION INITIATIVES ON TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 5 Considerations for better THB prevention in the EU 85 5.1 Project/initiative-level topics 85 5.1.1 Flexibility in selecting prevention initiatives 85 5.1.2 Contextualisation and assessment of initiatives 86 5.1.3 Proportionality of initiatives 88 5.2 Strategic-level/macro-level topics 88 5.2.1 Comprehensive THB prevention, protection and prosecution (3P) systems 88 5.2.2 Common THB initiative repository and central knowledge management function 90 5.2.3 Central communications strategy around the EU’s response to THB 90 5.2.4 Implementing legislation and policies 91 6 Annexes 93 6.1 A step-by-step approach to prevention initiatives management 93 6.1.1 Introduction 93 6.1.2 Methodology 93 6.1.3 Objectives and purpose of the step‑by‑step approach 93 6.1.4 Operational step‑by‑step approach (initiative‑focused) 93 6.2 Description of prevention initiatives 103 6.3 Legislative instruments adopted at EU and international levels 147 STUDY ON PREVENTION INITIATIVES ON TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 5 List of figures Figure 1: The problem of trafficking in human beings — causes, problems and effects 14 Figure 2: Age, gender and level of education when coupled with exacerbating dimensions can increase the Trafficking in Human Beings risk profile 16 Figure 3: Global routes of victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation 19 Figure 4: Cross-border migration into EU Member States in 2012 by previous country of residence (in 1 000s) 34 Figure 5: Distribution of prevention initiatives across EU Member States in the sample 42 Figure 6: Distribution of prevention initiatives across non-EU countries in the sample 42 Figure 7: Distribution of funding sources across prevention initiatives in the sample 43 Figure 8: Prevalence of types of prevention initiatives in the sample 44 Figure 9: Prevalence of combinations of types of prevention initiatives in the sample 45 Figure 10: Time frames over which the prevention initiatives were implemented 46 Figure 11: Types of messages according to their relevance for the general public and their impact on victims and THB as such 55 Figure 12: Top-down and bottom-up approach to developing an initiative 71 Figure 13: Four phases THB project set-up 87 Figure 14: Overview of the step-by-step approach to manage initiatives to prevent trafficking in human beings 94 Figure 15: Intervention logic and architecture of an initiative 95 Figure 16: Scope of audit, monitoring, and evaluation 101 6 STUDY ON PREVENTION INITIATIVES ON TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS List of tables Table 1: Push and pull factors as root causes of trafficking in human beings 17 Table 2: Sample of 43 prevention initiatives 38 Table 3: Summary of the main points of the horizontal analysis 82 Table 4: Description of steps during the initiation phase of the model 96 Table 6: Description of steps during the implementation phase of the model 100 Table 7 Summary of the main evaluation criteria 102 Table 8: Description of steps during the evaluation and dissemination phase of the model 103 Table 9: Legislative instruments covering trafficking in human beings at EU and international level 147 STUDY ON PREVENTION INITIATIVES ON TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS 7 Executive summary The EU has undertaken numerous efforts to address trafficking in human beings based on a comprehensive, victim-cen- tred and gendered approach, and by focusing on three key principles: (1) the prevention of trafficking activities, (2) the protection and support of victims and (3) the efficient prosecution of perpetrators. The EU Directive on trafficking in human beings (1) defines trafficking in human beings as ‘the recruitment, trans- portation, transfer, harbouring or reception of persons, including the exchange or transfer of control over those per- sons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’ (2). The EU Directive on trafficking in human beings has signalled the EU’s focus on a victim-centred approach to ad- dressing trafficking in human beings. Article 18 of the Directive notably introduces a provision directly concerned with the prevention of trafficking in human beings. It obliges Member States to take appropriate measures, such as information and awareness-raising campaigns, research and education programmes, and regular training for offi- cials who are likely to come in contact with victims of trafficking (e.g. regarding the identification of victims), in order to discourage and reduce the demand for goods and services provided by victims of trafficking in human beings. It further urges Member States to consider criminalising those who knowingly use the services of victims of trafficking. In June 2012 the European Commission took an additional step by adopting the EU Strategy towards the Eradication of Trafficking in Human Beings (2012-2016), with prevention as one of the five objectives of the strategy. The objective of this study as per the EU Strategy is to systematically evaluate the impact of anti‑trafficking pre‑ vention initiatives, in particular awareness‑raising activities (including online activities), as well as education‑ al programmes, measures to reduce demand, measures specifically targeting root causes as these are direct‑ ly linked to trafficking in human beings. Based on desk research and the available information, the study team has selected 43 prevention initiatives target- ing prevention actions as per their project description, for which a minimum amount of information (e.g.