Grammar Essentials for the KALULI LANGUAGE (Ethnologue Code: BCO) Andrew Grosh and Sylvia Grosh Summer Institute of Linguistics Papua New Guinea September, 2004 Kaluli Grammar Essentials Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2. PHONOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 PHONEMES AND ORTHOGRAPHIC REPRENSENTATION .............................................................................. 8 2.1.1 Phonological Conventions .............................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Orthographic Conventions ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2 SYLLABLE PATTERNS .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.3 MORPHOPHONEMICS................................................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 Verbal Morphology ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.3.1.1 Vowel Harmony ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2.3.1.2 Consonant Deletion ................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Semi-vowel Shifting and Deletion ................................................................................................. 11 3. WORD LEVEL ........................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1 NOUNS ................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.1 Plural Nouns ................................................................................................................................. 13 3.1.2 Possessed Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 13 3.1.3 Noun Classes ................................................................................................................................ 13 3.1.3.1 Kin Terms ................................................................................................................................................. 14 3.2 VERBS ................................................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1 Final Verb Word ........................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1.1 Tense / Person Marking ............................................................................................................................ 16 3.2.1.1.1 Past, Present, Future Tenses ................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1.2 Habitual ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.1.3 Deontic Moods .......................................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1.3.1 Imperative ............................................................................................................................................ 18 3.2.1.3.1.1 Present Imperative ........................................................................................................................ 18 3.2.1.3.1.2 Future Imperative ......................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1.3.2 Prohibitive ........................................................................................................................................... 19 3.2.1.3.3 Hortative .............................................................................................................................................. 20 3.2.2 Medial Verb Word ........................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.2.1 Sequential.................................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2.2 Simultaneous ............................................................................................................................................. 21 3.2.2.3 Same Time Frame ..................................................................................................................................... 22 3.2.2.4 Purposive -- Same Subject ...................................................................................................................... 23 3.2.2.5 Purposive -- Different Subject ................................................................................................................ 23 3.2.2.6 Negative Purposive ................................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.2.7 Conditional ................................................................................................................................................ 24 3.2.3 Stative Verb Word ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.2.3.1 Existential verb word ................................................................................................................................ 24 3.2.3.2 Experiential verb word .............................................................................................................................. 25 3.2.4 Aspect ............................................................................................................................................ 25 3.2.4.1 Prospective Action .................................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.4.2 Present Continuative ................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2.4.3 Future Continuative .................................................................................................................................. 26 3.2.5 Evidentials .................................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.5.1 Observed Action ....................................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.5.2 Reported Action ........................................................................................................................................ 27 3.2.5.2.1 Past Progressive ................................................................................................................................... 28 3.2.5.3 Uncertainty ............................................................................................................................................... 29 3.2.5.4 Intensity .................................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3 ADJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................................... 30 3.3.1 Real Adjectives .............................................................................................................................. 30 3.3.2 Stative Adjective Negator.............................................................................................................. 31 3.3.3 Colors ........................................................................................................................................... 32 3.4 ADVERBS ............................................................................................................................................... 32 ii Kaluli Grammar Essentials 3.4.1 Locative Adverb ............................................................................................................................ 32 3.4.2 Temporal Adverbs ......................................................................................................................... 34 3.4.3 Adverbs of Manner ....................................................................................................................... 35 3.4.4 Adverbs of Intensity ...................................................................................................................... 36 3.5 PRONOUNS ............................................................................................................................................. 36 3.5.1 Personal Pronouns 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