L.A-13014-H History C.s .——— CIG14 REPORT COLLECTION F?EPRODUCTION ~-- -“---- .. ... .-. z.~ —. .—--.... .— ., ——— ~.+7.4. + CXWY — ..- ..- —’i-.— ~=-e :-”’-”’””-“-+4Z%EZZ2!. .. -—- —.. ..- — — .f--k — -~ . n= ,’------- -—---- ~ . ,.—---- ——. The Insensitive High Explosive ~-- -T-- -==;~ Qw==x4 —.- . ..-. .“— -————. —-- . -., —= .---, ? -.. : ● —-=. —.. — . Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB): Development =-.–- - -- .> .! +. +-s ~~.: --..-”” :...~~ __. .— - .— - L2 t. - and Characterization – 1888 to 1994 .——.. — :— .s-“-”L->---- .-’ L — ...a AA?bo -2:-...9,*-*- .~ — .— .—. — -, !,> ----- f-- -. -?-. -— -_—=— —.——. “.. ... —-=7. .—... ;- + —. A-—-> - ------ E+. ‘“ . e-.’: ... .. w.—. ,,...- 4---- -ii -.=. - ——— -----—. 7A” -+-- + t . ; ---- 4 “.?-. — .--— — __. —–– — —— —..—- . *-— .=..: –.–=._-Q: — .—. ___ ..—. — .—. :. =-.”—— ,. “: . — . ....— ., .-==,*== . -. —---—==: ..— . .— — .– F — .—..—- .... —. .— -.——. —- ,.—.- -— ..=--— ..— — -. - . Los Alamos —— . NATIONAL LABORATORY ~. —. — -,. ..’ .-.. —- —. J-. — Los Alamos National l.aboratoy is operated by the University of Cal~ornia ..— :*- - ● — for the United States Department ojEnergy under contract W-7405-ENG36. An Afirmatiue Action/Equal Opportunity Employer This report 71WSprepared m MI ncmunf ojuwrk sponsored by an agency of lhr United States Cozvmnwh}. Neither 77Ic Rrgcnts ofthc University of Cali@iia, fhc United States Covcmmcnt nor nny o:ency thercoj nor any of their cnq.hyw, mnkcs any rmrmnty, express or implied, or msurnes rrny le,gal Iinbility or rcspmsibilityjlv the mrurmy, complctcrrcss, or uscfubrcss of any injornmtion, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents thflt its U* wouldnot infringe priuatcly owned rights. Rtftr~wcc hgrcin tonrryspecific commercial product, proms, or service by trade name, trademnrk, ntanufacturcr, or otherwise, das not necessarily cunstitsdr or imply its endowment, recorrunendntion, orfiirxrrirrg by The Regents of the University of Cnll~ornia, the United States Gowrnmcnt, or mIy agcnry Ihtrcof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herei)l do not necessarily state or rejlcct titosc of The Regentsqf the University of Cal~omia, the United States Gouernrncnt, or nny agency thereof. LA-13024H History UC-741 Issued: August 1995 The Insensitive High Explosive Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB): Development and Characterization – 1888 to 1994 Brigitia M. Dobratz - —— . -% : .-. .—. I Los Alamos NATIONAL LABORATORY Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545 I 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I I , I I I 1 comms . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...v LIST OF TABLES .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .ix LIST OF FIGURES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .xi ... GLOSSARY . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Xul ABsTRAcr .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .1 INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .2 I. SYNTHESIS, PREPARATION, and SCALE-UP . .. .. .. .. .. .3 A. TA~ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....3 1. Specifications . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .3 2. Laboratory-Scale Preparations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .3 3. Lmge-~ilot Plmt-Scde Pmpmations . .. .. .. .. .. ...5 4. Processing .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a. Particle Size/Surface Area . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .2 b. Purification/Moisture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .7 B. TATB Formulations . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .8 1. Specifications . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .8 2. Large-/Pilot Plant-Scale Preparations . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3. Processing . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1; a. Particle Size/Surface Area . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 b. Drying/Moisture . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 c. Pressing and Machining . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 C. References for Section I . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 IL ANALYSES . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 A. htroduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..l8 B. Analytical Methods . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 C. References for Section II . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2o III. PROPERTmS . .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....23 A. Introduction . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 B. Chemical and Physical Properties . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 1. TATB . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 a. Crystal and Molecular Structure . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. b. Density . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. c. Heat of Sublimation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. d. Melting Point . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. e. optical Effect . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...24 f. Phase Diagrams . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 g. Volubility . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 h. Sound Velocity . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 i. Vapor Pressure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 2. TATB Formulations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 a. Density . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 b. Heat of Sublimation . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. c. Heat of Vaporization . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. d. Sound Velocity . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 e. Surface properties . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 v 79 C. Mechanical Properties of TATB and Its Formulations . .. .. .. .. I 1. Compressive and Tensile Properties and Growth Effects . .. .. .. ~~ 2. Coefficient of Static Friction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. D. Thermal Properties .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 I 1. TATB. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32.- Burning Rate . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 :. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) . .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 c. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Pyrolysis . .. .. .. d. Heat Capacity/Specific Heat Cp .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 e. Heat of Detonation@ . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 f. Heat of Formation Hf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 J 33 g. Thermal Conductivity . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...