Early Modern Eyes Intersections Interdisciplinary Studies in Early Modern Culture General Editor Karl A.E. Enenkel Chair of Neo-Latin Literature Faculty of Arts, University of Leiden P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden-NL e-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board W. van Anrooij (University of Leiden) W. de Boer (Miami University) K.A.E. Enenkel (University of Leiden) R.L. Falkenburg (New York University) J.L. de Jong (University of Groningen) E.E.P. Kolfi n (University of Amsterdam) W. Melion (Emory University) K. Murphy (University of Oxford) W. Neuber (Free University of Berlin) H. Roodenburg (P.J. Meertens Institute) P.J. Smith (University of Leiden) R.K. Todd (University of Leiden) C. Zittel (Max Planck Institut, Florence) Advisory Board K. VAN BERKEL (University of Groningen) – F. EGMOND A. GRAFTON (Princeton University) – A. HAMILTON (Warburg Institute) C.L. HEESAKKERS – H.A. HENDRIX (Utrecht University) – F.J. VAN INGEN J.I. ISRAEL (Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton, N.J.) – M. JACOBS (Free University of Brussels) K.A. OTTENHEYM (Utrecht University) – K. PORTEMAN E.J. SLUIJTER (University of Amsterdam) VOLUME 13 – 2009 Early Modern Eyes Edited by Walter S. Melion and Lee Palmer Wandel LEIDEN • BOSTON 2010 Illustration on the cover: Detail of the “Visitation”. Woodcut illustration to Petrus Canisius’s De Maria Virgine [. .], in Commentarium de Verbi Dei corruptelis [. .] (Ingolstadt, David Sartorius: 1583), book IV, chapter 3, 401. Maurits Sabbebibliotheek, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. (See also pages 212 and 218 of this volume.) This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Early modern eyes / edited by Walter S. Melion and Lee Palmer Wandel. p. cm. — (Intersections, ISSN 1568-1181 ; v. 13) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17974-5 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Visual perception—History. 2. Perception (Philosophy)—History. I. Melion, Walter S. II. Wandel, Lee Palmer. BF241.E17 2010 153.7’09—dc22 2009039183 ISSN 1568-1181 ISBN 978 90 04 17974 5 Copyright 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgments ....................................................................... vii Notes on the Editors ................................................................... ix List of Contributors .................................................................... xi List of Illustrations ...................................................................... xiii Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Lee Palmer Wandel The Politics of Light: Al-Kindī’s Geometrical Optics and the Vindication of the American Tropics in Bartolomé de las Casas’s Apologética historia sumaria (1527–1561) ............. 11 Nicolás Wey Gómez A Topographer’s Eye: From Gilles Corrozet to Pieter Apian ... 55 Tom Conley The Ethnographic Lens in the New World: Staden, De Bry, and the Representation of the Tupi in Brazil ....................... 81 Neil L. Whitehead Depicting Perspective: The Return of the Gaze in Codex Telleriano-Remensis (c. 1563) ................................................ 105 José Rabasa John Calvin and Michel de Montaigne on the Eye .................. 135 Lee Palmer Wandel Quel rapport entre un jeu de paume et le roi David ? Analogie et Exégèse Visuelle dans le David et Bethsabée de Herri met de Bles .............................................................. 157 Michel Weemans vi contents ‘Quae lecta Canisius offert et spectata diu’: The Pictorial Images in Petrus Canisius’s De Maria Virgine of 1577/1583 .............. 207 Walter S. Melion Index Nominum ......................................................................... 267 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, the editors wish to thank Karl Enenkel, founding editor of Intersections, for his keen interest and active support, which led crucially to the publication of this volume. The book began as a Burdick-Vary conference at the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin – Madison. We are grateful to David Sorkin, the Director of the Institute, and to the Burdick-Vary and Anonymous Funds for their most generous sup- port of the conference. We are especially grateful to Loretta Freiling, who contributed in innumerable ways to its success. At the University of Wisconsin, a Fellowship at the Institute for Research in the Humanities provided time for editing the collection of essays. At Emory University, Dean Robert Paul, Associate Dean Cristine Levenduski, and Professor Judy Rohrer, Chair of Art History, made possible the leave year during which Early Modern Eyes advanced to completion. Frank Jackson, Visual Resources Librarian, helped in innumerable ways to prepare the images for publication. The editors also owe a debt of thanks to Rector Dr. Wim Blockmans and his superlative staff at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, where the editing of this volume was fi nished in Spring 2009. We are especially grateful to Anneke Vrins for her editorial assistance. Walter S. Melion Lee Palmer Wandel NOTES ON THE EDITORS Walter S. Melion is Asa Griggs Candler Professor of Art His- tory at Emory University in Atlanta, where he has taught since 2004. He was previously Professor and Chair of Art History at The Johns Hopkins University. He has published extensively on Dutch and Flemish art and art theory of the 16th and 17th centu- ries, on Jesuit image-theory, on the relation between theology and aesthetics in the early modern period, and on the artist Hendrick Goltzius. In addition to monographs on Jerónimo Nadal’s Adnotationes et meditations in Evangelia (2003–2007) and on scriptural illustration in the 16th-century Low Countries (2009), his books include Shaping the Netherlandish Canon: Karel van Mander’s “Schilder-Boeck” (1991) and The Meditative Art: Studies in the Northern Devotional Print, 1550–1625 (2009). He is co-editor of Image and Imagination of the Religious Self in Late Medie- val and Early Modern Europe (2008), among other volumes. He is cur- rently writing a study of Petrus Canisius’s De Maria Virgine and Marian image-theory around 1600. Lee Palmer Wandel is Professor of History, Religious Studies, and Visual Culture, at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She is the author of Always Among Us: Images of the Poor in Zwingli’s Zurich (1990), Voracious Idols and Violent Hands: Iconoclasm in Reformation Zurich, Stras- bourg, and Basel (1994), and The Eucharist in the Reformation: Incarnation and Liturgy (2006). Currently she is working on two books, Rethinking the Reformation for Cambridge University Press and Catechisms and the Construction of Religion in the Reformation. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Tom Conley is Abbott Lawrence Lowell Professor in the Depart- ments of Romance Languages and Visual/Environmental Studies at Harvard University. His publications include The Self-Made Map: Cartographic Writing in Early Modern France (1997), The Graphic Un conscious in Early Modern French Writing [Cambridge Studies in French] (1992), Film Hieroglyphs: Ruptures in Classical Cinema (1991), and Cartographic Cinema (2006). Among his co-edited volumes are Identity Papers: Contested Nationhood in Twentieth-Century France (1996) and The World and its Rival: Essays in Honor of Per Nykrog (1999). Forthcoming are An Errant Eye: Topography and Poetry in Renaissance France and a translation of Marc Augé, Casablanca. José Rabasa is Professor of Spanish and Portuguese at the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley, and Long Term Visiting Professor of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University. He is the author of Inventing America: Spanish Historiography and the Formation of Eurocentrism (1993) and Writing Violence on the Northern Frontier: The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century New Mexico and Florida and the Legacy of Conquest (2000). Currently he is working on two books, (In)comparable Worlds and Of Zapatismo and Subalternity, and co-editing the volumes Examining Heretical Thought and The Oxford History of Historical Writing, Volume III: 1400 –1800. Nicolás Wey Gómez is Associate Professor of Hispanic Studies at Brown University. His work combines literature, intellectual history, and history of science and technology to describe the mindsets that informed Europe’s early encounters with the Americas; he is also more broadly interested in the treatment of all sorts of outsiders in Hispanic letters from the beginning of the early modern period in Spain to the end of the colonial era in the Americas. He is the author of The Tropics of Empire: Why Columbus Sailed South to the Indies (2008). xii list of contributors His current book project, The Machine of the World: Nature’s Culture in the Early Colonial Spanish Americas, tracks the interrelated developments of the natural sciences and anthropology in